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Mutan 0.5
Mutan is a C-Like language for the Ethereum project. Mutan supports a full, dynamic higher level language that compiles to native Ethereum Assembler. Repo will be moved.
An online editor and compiler can be found here
go get -u github.com/obscuren/mutan/mutan
The syntax is specified using Extended Backus-Naur Form (EBNF):
digit excluding zero = "1" | "2" | "3" | "4" | "5" | "6" | "7" | "8" | "9" ;
digit = "0" | digit excluding zero ;
The following keywords are reserved and may not be used as identifiers
block if true exit sizeof import
contract else false return byte asm
tx for var stop call print
this(L) return nil import create
(L) = legacy
Mutan contains the following operators and delimiters
+ ** = | ( ) ||
- ^ == & { } &&
* >= ++ ; << >>
/ <= -- ! :=
Numeric types in Mutan can only be represented by integer values and are architecture-independent. They are all represented in big endian byte order. Numbers may be specified in decimal and hexadecimal format.
10 0xabc 0xABCA pointer type denotes the set of all pointer to variadics. The default value of an uninitialised pointer is nil.
Pointer = "*" Var .
var *aAddress operations are performed with the ampersand "&". The operand must be addressable (i.e, a variable).
var a = 10
var *b = &a
The pointer indirection *x denotes the value pointed by x.
var old = *b
*b = 1
Arrays are of theoretical unlimited length
ArrayType = Var "[" Number "]" .
The following is a valid array:
var[10] aA declaration binds an identifier to a type. Every identifier must be declared. No identifier may be declared twice and all variables are scoped to the current executing frame (function).
Declaration = TypeDecl .
A declaration can be done in several ways. First and foremost every identifier must be declared as a variant. Variants can be created in two ways, either with the var keyword or by using the := assignment operator.
var a = "a"
c := "c"Statement = Declaration | Block | IfStmt | ForStmt | Expression | Compile
Expression = Ptr | Number | Hex | String | Identifier .
Ptr = Identifier | "nil" .
Number = "0" | "1" | "2" | "3" | "4" | "5" | "6" | "7" | "8" | "9" .
Hex = "0x" "a" | "b" | "c" | "d" | "e" | "f" | Number .
String = """ * """
Identifier = * .
Blocks contain, but not necessarily, contain lists of Statements within matching brackets.
Block = "{" StatementList "}" .
StatementList = { Statement ";" } .
If statements specify the conditional execution of two branches according to the value of an expression. If the expression evaluated to true, the "if" branch is executed, else, if present, the else branch is executed.
IfStmt = "if" [ SimpleStmt ";" ] Expression Block [ "else" ["if" [ SimpleStmt ";" ] ] Block ] .
if x < 10 {
x = maximum
}The expression may be preceded by a simple statement which executes before the boolean expression
if x := value(); x < 10 {
x = maximum
} else {
y = 10
}A "for" statements specifies repeated execution of a block, the iteration is controlled by a conditional block.
ForStmt = "for" [ InitStmt ] ";" [ Condition ] ";" [ PostStmt ] .
InitStmt = SimpleStmt .
PostStmt = SimpleStmt .
A "for" in it's simplest form is a C-Like "while" statement (therefor Mutan doesn't have a "while")
for a < b {
a = a * 2
}A "for" statement in it's purest form is controlled my a initialiser, condition and a post statement which will be executed at the end of the Block
for var a = 0; a < b; a++ {
b = b - 1
}for cond { T() } is the same as for ; cond ; { T() }
for cond; post { T() } is the same as for ; cond; post { T() }
String literals are supported by enclosing a line of text with matching quotes "string". Strings can be assigned to variables and stored in memory. Strings have a limitation in size. Strings can be no longer than 32 bytes. Attempting to create a string larger than 32 bytes will result in a compile error. This is due to the limitation of the size that is allowed to be stored in each storage location.
str := "hello world"
contract.storage[0] = "hello world"A function declarations binds an identifier, the function name, to a function.
FunctionDecl = "func" FunctionName Signature .
Signature = Parameters [ Result ] .
Parameters = "(" [ ParameterList [ "," ] ] ")" .
ParameterList = ParemeterDecl { "," ParameterDecl } .
ParameterDecl = [ Var Identifier ] .
If the function's signature declares a result parameter, the function body's statement list must end with a return statement (TODO).
func fib(var n) var {
if n == 0 {
return 0
} else {
if n == 1 {
return 1
}
}
return fib(n-1) + fib(n-2)
}You can invoke the compiler from within mutan allowing you compile code inline. At this time of writing compile can only be used in combination with an exit statement. Compile will compile the given code, enclosed by brackets.
a := "hello"
exit compile {
a := 20
if a == 20 {
}
}Mutan code that is inline compiled does not share any memory outside of its own scope, and thus can not use any variables outside the enclosed brackets.
var a = "hello"
return compile {
b := a // Undefined reference error
}Mutan comes with a couple build in functions for stopping, creating and transacting between multiple objects and context functions.
print "(" Expression ")"
Prints the given expression (given that the interpreters understands this pseudo OP)
"exit(); stop()"
Stops the execution of the current call
Returns the nth byte in the given word
Success = "call(" Expression, Expression, Expression, Ptr, Ptr ")"
Calls contract specified by the address and executes. Arguments can be passed to the in argument and the return value can be specified by the out parameters. Return a 1 or 0 depending whether this call was success or not.
Success = "transact(" Expression, Expression, Expression, Ptr ")"
Handles a transaction between two objects.
Address = "create(" Expression, Expression ")"
Creates a new contract given by script and returns the Address of the transaction.
TxMethod = "tx" "." MethodName [ "(" [ Expression ] ")" ] .
MethodName = "origin" | "gasPrice" | "value" .
origin Returns the initiator of the first call (sender of the transaction)
gasPrice Returns the gas price set for the transaction
value Returns the value of the transaction
ContractMethod = "contract" "." MethodName "(" [ Expression ] ")" .
MethodName = "storage" | "address" .
storage Returns the contract's storage given by the key
address Returns the direct address of this execution
CallMethod = "message" "." MethodName "(" [ Expression ] ")" .
MethodName = "data" | "gas" .
data Returns the x'th value of the attached data of this call
gas Returns the current call's attached amount of gas
BlockMethod = "block" "." MethodName "(" [ Expression ] ")" .
MethodName = "difficulty" | "prevHash" | "time" | "number" | "coinbase" .
difficulty Returns the current difficulty
prevHash Returns the previous block's hash
time Returns the current block's timestamp
number Returns the current block's number
coinbase Returns the current block's coinbase
Importing sourcefiles can be done through the import keyword
Import = "import" StringLiteral
import "std.mu"Inline assembler is allowed through the asm keyword
InlineAssembler = "asm" "{" Code "}" .
Code = "abcdefghijklmnopqrstuwvxyz" | "1234567890" .
For a full list of asm opcodes see the Assembler page.
Mutan has a very basic pre processor that takes any #define and replaces that throughout the source code
Output = "#define" Word [ Expression ] .
#define ADDR 0xe6716f9544a56c530d868e4bfbacb172315bdead
import "std.mu"
func pow(var x, var y) {
return x ** y
}
p := pow(10, 2)
var a = 20
var b = 10
var str = "hello"
otherStr := "world"
if a < b {
exit()
} else if 1 && 0 {
stop()
} else {
// :-)
if !a {
if contract.data[0] ** 10 >= 10 {
contract.data[0] = 1000;
}
}
}
contract.storage[a] = 10000
contract.storage[b] = tx.origin()
for i := 0; i < 10; i++ {
var[10] out
call(0xaabbccddeeff112233445566, 0, 10000, i, out)
}
// tx without input data
transact(0xa78f6abe, 10000, nil)
// no args and return values
call(0xab, 0, 10000, nil, nil)
// create contract
big ret = create(value, compile {
var bt = block.time()
var dataLen = tx.data
var price = tx.gasPrice()
})
var left = 8 << 2
left = left >> 2
var[2] array
array[0] = 42
array[1] = 0
var re = sha3(array, sizeof(array))
asm {
push1 10
push1 0
mstore
}
return compile {
contract.storage[0] = "hello"
}