Whisp
Project leads: Douglas Crocker - [email protected]
Whisp is an open-source air quality monitoring system, low-cost hardware and software suite that enables near real-time access to in-situ environmental sensor data (including particulate matter 1.0|2.5|4.0|10.0, volatile organic compounds, nitrogen oxides, temperature, and relative humidity) anywhere with a WiFi internet or cellular connection. Scientists, educators, and artists alike can use this tool to obtain and interact with environmental data in new and innovative ways, as well as collaborate remotely. Transforming data collection processes of environmental sensors into Internet of Things (IoT) compatible formats opens new doors into accessing, understanding, and interacting with natural phenomena. Whisp not only enables users to observe data online, but can also transform data into auditory signals and soundscapes through sonification processes or creative animations using newly-created computer applications.
| Specification | Sensor | Resolution | Accuracy | Full Range | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Value | Metric | Value | Metric | Value | Metric | ||
| Senses Ambient Temperature | SHT30 | 0.01 | ℃ | ±0.3 | ℃ | -40 - 125 | ℃ |
| Senses Humidity | SHT30 | 0.015 | %RH | ±3 | %RH | 0 - 100 | %RH |
| Particulate Matter 1.0 | SEN55 | ±5 | ug/m^3 | ±5 | ug/m^3 | 0 - 1000 | ug/m^3 |
| Particulate Matter 2.5 | SEN55 | ±5 | ug/m^3 | ±5 | ug/m^3 | 0 - 1000 | ug/m^3 |
| Particulate Matter 4 | SEN55 | ±25 | ug/m^3 | ±25 | ug/m^3 | 0 - 1000 | ug/m^3 |
| Particulate Matter 10 | SEN55 | ±25 | ug/m^3 | ±25 | ug/m^3 | 0 - 1000 | ug/m^3 |
| Volatile Organic Compounds | SEN55 | ±5 | VOC index points | ±5 | VOC index points | 1 - 500 | VOC index points |
| Nitrogen Oxides Index | SEN55 | ±10 | NOx index points | ±10 | NOx index points | 1 - 500 | NOx index points |
| Senses Pressure | MS580302 | 30 - 110 | kPa | ±0.15 | kPa | ||
| 6 Watt Solar Panel | |||||||
| Data Collection Frequency | 5 | Minutes | |||||
| Battery life (10050 mAh) | 27.32 | Days | |||||
| Project Cost | <800 | $ | |||||
| Logs Data to SD | Time | date/hour/min | |||||
| SD and USB are easily accessible |
Each Whisp can measure Particulate Matter 10.0|4.0|2.5|1.0, Volatile Organic Compounds(VOC), and nitrogen Oxides(NOx) (SEN55); and air temperature and humidity (SHT31/SHT30), and log data at user defined intervals to the cloud database: MongoDB. Beyond the sensors used in this paper, the Whisp is capable of using a variety of analog, digital, I2C, SDI-12, and other serial sensors via footprints on the Printed Circuit Board (PCB) detailed in the sections below. While many other sensors like rainfall, air quality, and wind direction could have been chosen, we selected the current combination of sensors to fulfill a demand that existed within a local agricultural research lab. The Whisp can operate for up to 27 days on a battery capacity of 10050 mAh with a logging period of every ten minutes. The logging period is arbitrary and can be adjusted to accommodate any power requirements. The total operation duration of the system can be lengthened significantly with the addition of a solar panel and better power management, which is recommended in areas with lack of access to a dedicated power source. .
The integration of particulate matter data into a centralized cloud database by the Whisp unit enables the aggregation and analysis of air quality data on a broader scale. By centralizing this data, researchers can more effectively identify trends and patterns in air quality over time. This approach not only facilitates the detection of emerging environmental trends but also enhances the understanding of the impact of various factors on air quality.
The Whisp device produced at the OPEnS Lab aims to collect environmental data. Data is streamed in real time via a local server to MongoDB, an online database. Computer applications can subscribe to these data stream feeds and translate into musical, visual, and other artistic representations of the environment.
Version 1
The Pelican case has three holes drilled on the side to accommodate for the PG7 cable glands and waterproof cable set. This allows for the SHT30 and GS3 sensor to be swapped out easily. Inside the case, a custom base plate made from 1/8" acrylic sheet holds the Featherwing doubler, TSL2591 and battery securely in place. A Feather M0 WiFi and Hypnos v3.2 board are used to store data collected by a light sensor (TSL2591), temperature & humidity sensor (SHT30) and soil moisture sensor (Meter GS3). A v3.2 Hypnos must be used because Pin 10 for SD functionality interferes with the SDI pin 11. The Hypnos also turns peripherals on and off to preserve power, wake up at intervals using the embedded DS3231 RTC, transmit data via WiFi and store data onboard a microSD card.
Figure 1: WeatherChimes v1 PCB with footprints for analog, digital, I2C, SDI-12, and other serial sensors
Other I2C and SDI12 sensors may also be connected as long as there is relevant code to handle requesting data on the Feather M0. There are footprints for other components included on the PCB for future utility including a push button, audio jack, and 3-pin JST receptacles for analog signals. These are not used in this version of the project.
Version 2
With the next iteration of WeatherChimes, the use of components such as the SARA-R4 4G board for 4G cellular connectivity, solar charger and 6 Watt solar panel is implemented.
Figure 2: WeatherChimes PCB with footprints for solar charger, pressure sensor and LTE board / Fully built WeatherChimes device
Version 3
The size of the PCB was changed, with the solar charger footprint integrated directly on the PCB. By consolidating the size of our PCB, the Pelican 1050 can be used instead of the Pelican 1060. Screw terminals replaced the JST connectors for better mechanical reliability.
Figure 3: Block diagram of WeatherChimes electronics
The most relevant features of the electronics system are the following:
- Measures soil dielectric (volumetric water content), electrical conductivity, temperature
- Measures air temperature and humidity
- Measures infrared, full spectrum, and visible light
- Saves data to SD
- Onboard RTC and power switching relays for power savings
- WiFi access to upload data to MongoDB server
The Chime device draws 107.5 mA when initializing and 108.9 mA during WiFi. It sleeps for 10 minutes in-between data cycles and uses 14.8 mA. When running on an 10050 mA battery, the device will approximately last 27.32 days.
Each sample cycle is triggered by RTC alarm to wake from a low-power sleep mode, the Feather M0 requests data from each of the sensors with the Loom Measure code and formats the data according to each logging platform: comma separated for local storage on microSD and JSON for telemetry. After all sensor information has been collected and formatted, the Feather will initiate a message over WiFi to a remote MQTT (Message Queueing Telemetry Transport) broker which is being run on an OSU server.
Figure 4: Data-flow handling chart
MQTT brokers work by utilizing a publish/subscribe paradigm, this paradigm works on the basis that there are “topics” that are public to everyone viewing the broker. Users can subscribe to topics which allows them to receive a callback when new data is published to the topic. For WeatherChimes, all data messages are sent over a topic, the topic is formatted with the “Site Name”/”Device Name” + “Device Number” to distinguish between the devices and their locations and determine the destination, i.e. collection, in the MongoDB database. Assigning a two part topic to each message allows multiple devices, even with the same name, to publish to different collections of data.
[1] Polli, Andrea. "Atmospherics/Weather Works : A Spatialized Meteorological Data Sonification Project." Leonardo, vol. 38 no. 1, 2005, Project MUSE