[Lang] Add ti.static_assert for compile-time assertations

.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/bug_report.md

@@ -12,10 +12,10 @@ assignees: ''
 **Describe the bug**
 A clear and concise description of what the bug is, ideally within 20 words.
 
-**Log/Screenshots**
-Please post the full log of the program (instead of just a few lines around the error message, unless the log is > 1000 lines). This will help us diagnose what's happening.
-
 **To Reproduce**
 Please post a sample code to reproduce the bug. The developer team will put a higher priority on bugs that can be reproduced within 20 lines of code. If you want a prompt reply, please keep the code short.
 
+**Log/Screenshots**
+Please post the full log of the program (instead of just a few lines around the error message, unless the log is > 1000 lines). This will help us diagnose what's happening.
+
 **If you have local commits (e.g. compile fixes before you reproduce the bug), please make sure you first make a PR to fix the build errors and then report the bug.**

docs/debugging.rst

@@ -0,0 +1,247 @@
+Debugging
+=========
+
+Debugging a parallel program is not easy, so Taichi provides
+builtin utilities that could hopefully help you debug your Taichi program.
+
+Run-time ``print`` in kernels
+-----------------------------
+
+.. function:: print(arg1, ..., sep=' ', end='\n')
+
+Debug your program with ``print()`` in Taichi-scope. For example:
+
+.. code-block:: python
+
+    @ti.kernel
+    def inside_taichi_scope():
+        x = 233
+        print('hello', x)
+        #=> hello 233
+
+        print('hello', x * 2 + 200)
+        #=> hello 666
+
+        print('hello', x, sep='')
+        #=> hello233
+
+        print('hello', x, sep='', end='')
+        print('world', x, sep='')
+        #=> hello233world233
+
+        m = ti.Matrix([[2, 3, 4], [5, 6, 7]])
+        print('m =', m)
+        #=> m = [[2, 3, 4], [5, 6, 7]]
+
+        v = ti.Vector([3, 4])
+        print('v =', v)
+        #=> v = [3, 4]
+
+For now, Taichi-scope ``print`` supports string, scalar, vector, and matrix expressions as arguments.
+``print`` in Taichi-scope may be a little different from ``print`` in Python-scope. Please see details below.
+
+.. warning::
+
+    For the **CPU, CUDA, and Metal backend**, ``print`` will not work in Graphical Python Shells
+    including IDLE and Jupyter notebook. This is because these backends print the outputs to the console instead of the GUI.
+    Taichi developers are trying to solve this now. Use the **OpenGL backend** if you wish to
+    use ``print`` in IDLE / Jupyter.
+
+.. warning::
+
+    Note that ``print`` in Taichi-scope can only receive **comma-separated parameter**. Neither f-string nor formatted string should be used. For example:
+    .. code-block:: python
+        import taichi as ti
+        ti.init(arch=ti.cpu)
+        a = ti.var(ti.f32, 4)
+
+
+        @ti.kernel
+        def foo():
+            a[0] = 1.0
+            print('a[0] = ', a[0]) # right
+            print(f'a[0] = {a[0]}') # wrong, f-string is not supported
+            print("a[0] = %f" % a[0]) # wrong, formatted string is not supported
+
+        foo()
+.. note::
+
+    For the **OpenGL and CUDA backend**, the printed result will not show up until ``ti.sync()`` is called:
+
+    .. code-block:: python
+
+        import taichi as ti
+        ti.init(arch=ti.cuda)
+
+        @ti.kernel
+        def kern():
+            print('inside kernel')
+
+        print('before kernel')
+        kern()
+        print('after kernel')
+        ti.sync()
+        print('after sync')
+
+    obtains:
+
+    .. code-block:: none
+
+        before kernel
+        after kernel
+        inside kernel
+        after
+
+    Please note that host access or program end will also implicitly invoke ``ti.sync()``.
+
+
+Compile-time ``ti.static_print``
+--------------------------------
+
+Sometimes it is useful to print Python-scope objects and constants like data types or SNodes in Taichi-scope.
+So, similar to ``ti.static`` we provide ``ti.static_print`` to print compile-time constants.
+It is similar to Python-scope ``print``.
+
+.. code-block:: python
+
+    x = ti.var(ti.f32, (2, 3))
+    y = 1
+
+    @ti.kernel
+    def inside_taichi_scope():
+        ti.static_print(y)
+        # => 1
+        ti.static_print(x.shape)
+        # => (2, 3)
+        ti.static_print(x.data_type())
+        # => DataType.float32
+        for i in range(4):
+                ti.static_print(i.data_type())
+                # => DataType.int32
+                # will only print once
+
+Unlike ``print``, ``ti.static_print`` will only print the expression once at compile-time, and
+therefore it has no runtime cost.
+
+
+Runtime ``assert`` in kernel
+----------------------------
+
+Programmers may use ``assert`` statements in Taichi-scope. When the assertion condition failed, a
+``RuntimeError`` will be raised to indicate the error.
+
+To make ``assert`` work, first make sure you are using the **CPU backend**.
+For performance reason, ``assert`` only works when ``debug`` mode is on, For example:
+
+.. code-block:: python
+
+    ti.init(arch=ti.cpu, debug=True)
+
+    x = ti.var(ti.f32, 128)
+
+    @ti.kernel
+    def do_sqrt_all():
+        for i in x:
+            assert x[i] >= 0
+            x[i] = ti.sqrt(x)
+
+
+When you are done with debugging, simply set ``debug=False``. Now ``assert`` will be ignored
+and there will be no runtime overhead.
+
+
+Compile-time ``ti.static_assert``
+---------------------------------
+
+.. function:: ti.static_assert(cond, msg=None)
+
+Like ``ti.static_print``, we also provide a static version of ``assert``:
+``ti.static_assert``. It can be useful to make assertions on data types, dimensionality, and shapes.
+It works whether ``debug=True`` is specified or not. When an assertion fails, it will
+raise an ``AssertionError``, just like a Python-scope ``assert``.
+
+For example:
+
+.. code-block:: python
+
+    @ti.func
+    def copy(dst: ti.template(), src: ti.template()):
+        ti.static_assert(dst.shape == src.shape, "copy() needs src and dst tensors to be same shape")
+        for I in ti.grouped(src):
+            dst[I] = src[I]
+        return x % 2 == 1
+
+
+Debugging Tips
+--------------
+
+Debugging a Taichi program can be hard even with the builtin tools above.
+
+Here we showcase some common bugs that one may encounter in a Taichi program:
+
+Static type system
+++++++++++++++++++
+
+Python code in Taichi-scope is translated into a statically typed language for high performance. This means code in Taichi-scope can have a different behavior compared with that in Python-scope, especially when it comes to types.
+
+The type of a variable is simply **determined at its initialization and never changes later**.
+
+Although Taichi's static type system provides better performance, it may lead to bugs if
+programmers carelessly used the wrong types. For example,
+
+.. code-block:: python
+
+    @ti.kernel
+    def buggy():
+        ret = 0  # 0 is an integer, so `ret` is typed as int32
+        for i in range(3):
+            ret += 0.1 * i  # i32 += f32, the result is still stored in int32!
+        print(ret)  # will show 0
+
+    buggy()
+
+The code above shows a common bug due to Taichi's static type system.
+The Taichi compiler should show a warning like:
+
+.. code-block:: none
+
+    [W 06/27/20 21:43:51.853] [type_check.cpp:visit@66] [$19] Atomic add (float32 to int32) may lose precision.
+
+This means that Taichi cannot store a ``float32`` result precisely to ``int32``.
+The solution is to initialize ``ret`` as a float-point value:
+
+.. code-block:: python
+
+    @ti.kernel
+    def not_buggy():
+        ret = 0.0  # 0 is a floating point number, so `ret` is typed as float32
+        for i in range(3):
+            ret += 0.1 * i  # f32 += f32. OK!
+        print(ret)  # will show 0.6
+
+    not_buggy()
+
+
+
+Advanced Optimization
++++++++++++++++++++++
+
+Taichi has an advanced optimization engine to make your Taichi kernel to be as fast as it could.
+But like what the ``gcc -O3`` does, sometimes advanced optimization can lead to bugs as it tries
+too hard. This includes runtime errors such as:
+
+```RuntimeError: [verify.cpp:basic_verify@40] stmt 8 cannot have operand 7.```
+
+You may use ``ti.core.toggle_advance_optimization(False)`` to turn off advanced
+optimization and see if the issue still exists:
+
+.. code-block:: python
+
+    import taichi as ti
+
+    ti.init()
+    ti.core.toggle_advance_optimization(False)
+
+    ...
+
+If turning off optimization fixes the issue, please report this bug on `GitHub <https://github.com/taichi-dev/taichi/issues/new?labels=potential+bug&template=bug_report.md>`_ to help us improve, thanks for the support!

docs/index.rst

@@ -62,12 +62,12 @@ The Taichi Programming Language
    :caption: Miscellaneous
    :maxdepth: 3
 
-   extension_libraries
    gui
+   debugging
+   extension_libraries
    export_results
    cli_utilities
    global_settings
-   faq
    acknowledgments
 
 
@@ -76,3 +76,4 @@ The Taichi Programming Language
    :maxdepth: 3
 
    legacy_installation
+   faq

docs/syntax.rst

@@ -204,57 +204,3 @@ Supported scalar functions:
         for i in ti.static(range(2)):
             for j in ti.static(range(3)):
                 A[i, j] += B[i, j]
-
-Debugging
----------
-
-Debug your program with ``print()`` in Taichi-scope. For example:
-
-.. code-block:: python
-
-    @ti.kernel
-    def inside_taichi_scope():
-        x = 233
-        print('hello', x)
-        #=> hello 233
-
-        m = ti.Matrix([[2, 3, 4], [5, 6, 7]])
-        print('m is', m)
-        #=> m is [[2, 3, 4], [5, 6, 7]]
-
-        v = ti.Vector([3, 4])
-        print('v is', v)
-        #=> v is [3, 4]
-
-.. warning::
-
-    General speaking, the printed result won't shows up until ``ti.sync()``:
-
-    .. code-block:: python
-
-        import taichi as ti
-        ti.init(arch=ti.gpu)
-
-        @ti.kernel
-        def kern():
-            print('inside kernel')
-
-        print('before kernel')
-        kern()
-        print('after kernel')
-        ti.sync()
-        print('after sync')
-
-    obtains:
-
-    .. code-block:: none
-
-        before kernel
-        after kernel
-        inside kernel
-        after sync
-
-    This is because GPU memory is only copied when necessary, for performance considerations.
-
-    Also note that host access or program end will also implicitly invoke for
-    ``ti.sync()``.

python/taichi/lang/impl.py

@@ -245,10 +245,12 @@ def reset():
     taichi_lang_core.reset_default_compile_config()
 
 
+@taichi_scope
 def static_print(*args, __p=print, **kwargs):
     __p(*args, **kwargs)
 
 
+# we don't add @taichi_scope decorator for @ti.pyfunc
 def static_assert(cond, msg=None):
     if msg is not None:
         assert cond, msg