Ensure that attempts to read integers from TLV don't silently produce unexpected values.

[bzbarsky-apple]

Two changes:

1. Ensure the value was encoded with the signed-ness the reader expects.

2. Ensure the value is in the range the reader expects instad of
   ending up with overflow and whatever that does..

Fixes #5152

The test changes were largely lifted from
#5764

Problem

If the sender encoded 256 and the recipient reads it as a uint8_t, currently we will silently read 0.

Change overview

Make that fail instead.

Testing

Lots of new unit tests, courtesy of @bitkis

[github-actions]

Size increase report for "gn_qpg-example-build" from 3647c29

File	Section	File	VM
chip-qpg6100-lighting-example.out	.text	96	96

Full report output

BLOAT REPORT

Files found only in the build output:
    report.csv

Comparing ./master_artifact/chip-qpg6100-lighting-example.out.map and ./pull_artifact/chip-qpg6100-lighting-example.out.map:

BLOAT EXECUTION FAILED WITH CODE 1:
bloaty: unknown file type for file './pull_artifact/chip-qpg6100-lighting-example.out.map'

Comparing ./master_artifact/chip-qpg6100-lighting-example.out and ./pull_artifact/chip-qpg6100-lighting-example.out:

sections,vmsize,filesize
.debug_info,0,897
.debug_line,0,232
.debug_str,0,192
.debug_loc,0,189
.text,96,96
.debug_abbrev,0,30
.debug_frame,0,4
[Unmapped],0,-96

[github-actions]

Size increase report for "esp32-example-build" from 3647c29

File	Section	File	VM
chip-all-clusters-app.elf	.flash.text	132	132
chip-all-clusters-app.elf	.flash.rodata	-32	-32

Full report output

BLOAT REPORT

Files found only in the build output:
    report.csv

Comparing ./master_artifact/chip-all-clusters-app.elf and ./pull_artifact/chip-all-clusters-app.elf:

sections,vmsize,filesize
.debug_info,0,640
.debug_line,0,304
.debug_str,0,193
.flash.text,132,132
.debug_frame,0,28
.debug_abbrev,0,10
.debug_loc,0,6
.riscv.attributes,0,3
.flash.rodata,-32,-32
.debug_ranges,0,-48
[Unmapped],0,-100