[TASK] Update firebase/php-jwt ^6.10.2 and remove composer patch

TYPO3 monorepo used a composer patch based on [1]
for the `firebase/php-jwt` package to resolve the
one or other PHP 8.4 issue to allow testing TYPO3
against PHP 8.4. The pull-request has been merged
already months ago and a release has been finally
made [2].

This change removes the composer patch introduced
with #104578 and updates the package version to
ensure having required fixes on board even for
classic mode installations.

Used command(s):

> composer remove --dev "cweagans/composer-patches"
> composer config --no-plugins --no-interaction \
    --unset allow-plugins.cweagans/composer-patches
> composer config --no-plugins --no-interaction \
    --unset extra.composer-exit-on-patch-failure
> composer config --no-plugins --no-interaction \
    --unset extra.patches-file
> composer require -d typo3/sysext/core --no-update \
    "firebase/php-jwt":"^6.10.2"
> composer require "firebase/php-jwt":"^6.10.2"
> rm -rf Build/patches

[1] firebase/php-jwt#572
[2] https://github.com/firebase/php-jwt/releases/tag/v6.10.2

Resolves: #105689
Related: #104578
Releases: main, 13.4
Change-Id: I6af68aaacabae9e64f2eecef75a5169943d738d8
Reviewed-on: https://review.typo3.org/c/Packages/TYPO3.CMS/+/87218
Tested-by: core-ci <[email protected]>
Tested-by: Markus Hofmann <[email protected]>
Reviewed-by: Stefan Bürk <[email protected]>
Tested-by: Garvin Hicking <[email protected]>
Tested-by: Stefan Bürk <[email protected]>
Tested-by: Christian Kuhn <[email protected]>
Reviewed-by: Christian Kuhn <[email protected]>
Reviewed-by: Garvin Hicking <[email protected]>
Reviewed-by: Markus Hofmann <[email protected]>

composer.json

@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@
 		"doctrine/lexer": "^3.0.1",
 		"egulias/email-validator": "^4.0",
 		"enshrined/svg-sanitize": "^0.20.0",
-		"firebase/php-jwt": "^6.10.1",
+		"firebase/php-jwt": "^6.10.2",
 		"guzzlehttp/guzzle": "^7.9.2",
 		"guzzlehttp/psr7": "^2.7.0",
 		"lolli42/finediff": "^1.1.1",