wasm-tools

A Bytecode Alliance project

CLI and Rust libraries for low-level manipulation of WebAssembly modules

Installation

Precompiled artifacts built on CI are available for download for each release.

To build from source first install Rust for your platform and then use the included Cargo package manager to install:

$ cargo install --locked wasm-tools

Alternatively if you use cargo binstall then that can be used to install the precompiled artifacts instead:

$ cargo binstall wasm-tools

Installation can be confirmed with:

$ wasm-tools --version

Subcommands can be explored with:

$ wasm-tools help

Examples

Basic validation/printing/parsing:

# Validate a WebAssembly file
$ wasm-tools validate foo.wasm

# Validate a WebAssembly module in the text format, automatically converting to
# binary.
$ wasm-tools validate foo.wat

# Validate a WebAssembly file enabling an off-by-default feature
$ wasm-tools validate foo.wasm --features=exception-handling

# Validate a WebAssembly file with a default-enabled feature disabled
$ wasm-tools validate foo.wasm --features=-simd

# Print the text format of a module to stdout
$ wasm-tools print foo.wasm

# Convert a binary module to text
$ wasm-tools print foo.wasm -o foo.wat

# Convert a text module to binary
$ wasm-tools parse foo.wat -o foo.wasm

Simple mutation as well as piping commands together:

# Mutate a WebAssembly module and print its text representation to stdout
$ wasm-tools mutate foo.wasm -t

# Mutate a WebAssembly module with a non-default seed and validate that the
# output is a valid module.
$ wasm-tools mutate foo.wasm --seed 192 | wasm-tools validate

# Demangle Rust/C++ symbol names in the `name` section, strip all other custom
# sections, and then print out what binary sections remain.
$ wasm-tools demangle foo.wasm | wasm-tools strip | wasm-tools objdump

Working with components:

# Print the WIT interface of a component
$ wasm-tools component wit component.wasm

# Convert WIT text files to a binary-encoded WIT package, printing the result to
# stdout
$ wasm-tools component wit ./wit -t

# Convert a WIT document to JSON
$ wasm-tools component wit ./wit --json

# Round trip WIT through the binary-encoded format to stdout.
$ wasm-tools component wit ./wit --wasm | wasm-tools component wit

# Convert a core WebAssembly binary into a component. Note that this requires
# WIT metadata having previously been embedded in the core wasm module.
$ wasm-tools component new my-core.wasm -o my-component.wasm

# Convert a core WebAssembly binary which uses WASI to a component.
$ wasm-tools component new my-core.wasm -o my-component.wasm --adapt wasi_snapshot_preview1.reactor.wasm

CLI Conventions

There are a few conventions that all CLI commands adhere to:

• All subcommands print "short help" with -h and "long help" with --help.
• Input is by default read from stdin if no file input is specified (when applicable).
• Output is by default sent to stdout if a -o or --output flag is not provided. Binary WebAssembly is not printed to a tty by default, however.
• Commands which output WebAssembly binaries all support a -t or --wat flag to generate the WebAssembly text format instead.
• A -v or --verbose flag can be passed to enable log messages throughout the tooling. Verbosity can be turned up by passing the flag multiple times such as -vvv.
• Color in error messages and console output is enabled by default for TTY based outputs and can be configured with a --color argument.

Tools included

The wasm-tools binary internally contains a number of subcommands for working with wasm modules and component. Many subcommands also come with Rust crates that can be use programmatically as well:

CLI	Rust Crate	Playground	Description
wasm-tools validate	wasmparser		Validate a WebAssembly file
wasm-tools parse	wat and wast	parse	Translate the WebAssembly text format to binary
wasm-tools print	wasmprinter	print	Translate the WebAssembly binary format to text
wasm-tools smith	wasm-smith		Generate a valid WebAssembly module from an input seed
wasm-tools mutate	wasm-mutate		Mutate an input wasm file into a new valid wasm file
wasm-tools shrink	wasm-shrink		Shrink a wasm file while preserving a predicate
wasm-tools dump			Print debugging information about the binary format
wasm-tools objdump			Print debugging information about section headers
wasm-tools strip			Remove custom sections from a WebAssembly file
wasm-tools demangle			Demangle Rust and C++ symbol names in the name section
wasm-tools compose	wasm-compose		Compose wasm components together (deprecated)
wasm-tools component new	wit-component		Create a component from a core wasm binary
wasm-tools component wit			Extract a *.wit interface from a component
wasm-tools component embed			Embed a component-type custom section in a core wasm binary
wasm-tools component unbundle			Extract core wasm modules from a component
wasm-tools metadata show	wasm-metadata		Show name and producer metadata in a component or module
wasm-tools metadata add			Add name or producer metadata to a component or module
wasm-tools addr2line			Translate wasm offsets to filename/line numbers with DWARF
wasm-tools completion			Generate shell completion scripts for wasm-tools
wasm-tools json-from-wast			Convert a *.wast file into JSON commands

The wasm-tools CLI contains useful tools for debugging WebAssembly modules and components. The various subcommands all have --help explainer texts to describe more about their functionality as well.

WebAssembly proposals

This repository strives to implement any standardized proposal to WebAssembly. All proposals that are Stage 4+ are enabled by default in validation. Support in the text format is always enabled at all times for all proposals.

Currently implemented proposals in this repository that are stage 4+ are:

• annotations
• branch-hinting
• bulk-memory
• component-model (note this is an exception, it's not stage4+ but is on-by-default)
• exceptions
• extended-const
• extended-name-section (note this is not phase 4 but wast does not have the concept of features)
• function-references
• gc
• memory64
• multi-memory
• multi-value
• mutable-global
• reference-types
• relaxed-simd
• saturating-float-to-int
• sign-extension-ops
• simd
• tail-call
• threads
• wat-numeric-values (note this is not phase 4 but wast does not have the concept of features)

These proposals are implemented but have not yet reached stage 4. This means they are disabled by default in validation and their implementation may change over time as the proposal evolves. Additionally the proposal may also have changed since these proposals were implemented, so there may be a mismatch too.

• custom-page-sizes
• memory-control
• shared-everything-threads
• stack-switching
• wide-arithmetic

Libraries

As mentioned above many of the tools of the wasm-tools CLI have libraries implemented in this repository as well. These libraries are:

• wasmparser - a library to parse WebAssembly binaries
• wat - a library to parse the WebAssembly text format
• wast - like wat, except provides an AST
• wasmprinter - prints WebAssembly binaries in their string form
• wasm-mutate - a WebAssembly test case mutator
• wasm-shrink - a WebAssembly test case shrinker
• wasm-smith - a WebAssembly test case generator
• wasm-encoder - a crate to generate a binary WebAssembly module
• wit-parser - a crate to parse and manage *.wit files and interfaces.
• wit-component - a crate to create components from core wasm modules.
• wasm-metadata - a crate to read and manipulate WebAssembly metadata

It's recommended to use the libraries directly rather than the CLI tooling when embedding into a separate project.

C/C++ bindings

Using the CMakeLists.txt in crates/c-api, wasm-tools can be used from the wasm-tools.h header. Note that these bindings do not comprehensively cover all the functionality of this repository at this time, but please feel free to contribute more if you find functions useful!

Versioning and Releases

This repository has both a CLI and a suite of crates that is published to crates.io (Rust's package manager). The versioning scheme used by this repository looks like:

• wasm-tools - the CLI follows the versioning pattern of 1.X.Y. Frequently Y is 0 and X is bumped as part of a release for this repository.
• wat - this Rust crate is versioned at 1.X.Y as well and matches the wasm-tools version.
• wast - this Rust crate is versioned as X.0.Y. The X here matches the X in 1.X.Y of wasm-tools.
• All other crates - all other crates in this repository are versioned at 0.X.Y where X matches the 1.X.Y of wasm-tools.

Note that the Y of all the versions above will also match for any release of this repository. This versioning scheme is intended to reflect the stable nature of the CLI and the wat crate in terms of API stability. Other crates, however, all receive a major version bump that are not automatically considered API compatible on all releases. This reflects how WebAssembly itself is an evolving standard which is not an unchanging foundation. All of the crates in this repository are suitable for "production use" but be aware that API stability is not guaranteed over time. If you have difficulty upgrading versions please feel free to file an issue and we can help out.

Also, this repository does not currently have a strict release cadence. Releases are done on an as-needed basis. If you'd like a release done please feel free to reach out on Zulip, file an issue, leave a comment on a PR, or otherwise contact a maintainer.

For maintainers, the release process looks like:

• Go to this link
• Click on "Run workflow" in the UI.
• Use the default bump argument and hit "Run workflow"
• Wait for a PR to be created by CI. You can watch the "Actions" tab for if things go wrong.
• When the PR opens, close it then reopen it. Don't ask questions.
• Review the PR, approve it, then queue it for merge.

That should be it, but be sure to keep an eye on CI in case anything goes wrong.

Contributing

See CONTRIBUTING.md for more information about contributing to this repository.

License

This project is triple licenced under the Apache 2/ Apache 2 with LLVM exceptions/ MIT licences. The reasoning for this is:

• Apache 2/ MIT is common in the rust ecosystem.
• Apache 2/ MIT is used in the rust compiler, and some of this code may be migrated there.
• Some of this code may be used in compiler output, and the Apache 2 with LLVM exceptions licence is useful for this.

For more details see

• Apache 2 Licence
• Apache 2 Licence with LLVM exceptions
• MIT Licence

Contribution

Unless you explicitly state otherwise, any contribution intentionally submitted for inclusion in this project by you, as defined in the Apache 2/ Apache 2 with LLVM exceptions/ MIT licenses, shall be licensed as above, without any additional terms or conditions.