pico-crypto-key

Using Raspberry Pi RP2040/RP2350 microcontrollers as USB security devices that provide:

• cryptographic hashing (SHA256)
• encryption and decryption (256 bit AES)
• public key cryptography (ECDSA - secp256k1, as Bitcoin)

I'm not a security expert and the device/software is almost certainly not hardened enough for serious use (perhaps RP2350 ARM-secure will fix that?). I just did it cos it was there, and I was bored. Also, it's not fast, but that might be ok depending on your current lockdown status. Most importantly, it works. Here's some steps I took towards making it securer:

• the device is pin protected. Only the SHA256 hash of the (salted) pin is stored on the device.
• the private key is only initialised once a correct pin has been entered, and is a SHA256 hash of the (salted) unique device id. So no two devices should have the same key.
• the private key never leaves the device and is stored only in volatile memory.

Pico, Pico W, Tiny2040 and Pico2 boards are known to work. Other RP2040/RP2350 boards have not been tested but are likely to (mostly) work. E.g. the Pico W requires the wifi driver purely for the LED (which is connected to the wifi chip) to function (though neither wifi nor bluetooth are enabled.)

Update v1.4.1

• Use standard library implementation of minstd_rand and seed it with the TRNG from pico_rand (used by ECDSA).
• Minor code improvements

Update v1.4.0

• Updates pico SDK to v2.0
• Adds support for Pico2 (both ARM and RISC-V) and compares performance
• Board configurations are now set in config/boards.toml - this allows use of multiple/different SDKs and toolchains per board

Performance comparison

Performance improvement is fairly modest, Cortex M33 slightly outperforming the Hazard3 - but the bottleneck here is USB comms. Note that using hardware SHA256 only seems to improve hashing performance by about 6% for this (IO-bound) use case.

	RP2040 time(s)	bitrate(kbps)	RP2350(ARM) time(s)	bitrate(kbps)	speedup(%)	RP2350(RISC-V) time(s)	bitrate(kbps)	speedup(%)
hash	2.6	3099.2	1.8	4557.3	47.0	1.8	4503.0	45.3
sign	2.7	2996.8	1.9	4239.9	41.5	1.8	4384.3	46.3
verify	0.5		0.2		117.6	0.3		81.0
encrypt	23.8	335.8	11.2	713.5	112.5	13.2	604.5	80.0
decrypt	23.8	336.6	11.2	714.5	112.3	13.2	604.3	79.5

Tests run on a single core and use a 1000kB random binary data input. Binaries compiled with 10.3.1 ARM and 14.2.1 RISC-V gcc toolchains.

On thing not measured or considered here is the difference in power consumption between Cortex M33 vs Hazard3...

Notes/issues

• build and install picotool separately against head of sdk (which still uses mbedtls 2), otherwise the build will try building picotool against mbedtls 3, which won't work
• USB on pico 2 doesn't work with latest TinyUSB release (0.16). Workaround using latest Pico SDK + submodules. (I have the 2.0.0 release pointing to TinyUSB 0.16 for reproducibility)
• Writes to the final flash block do not persist. See here. Simple workaround is to use the penultimate block.
• Not all prebuilt RISC-V toolchains seem to work, see here. This one worked for me.

Update v1.3.1

• Adds support for Pimoroni Tiny2040.
• The webauthn-style workflow example has been improved.

Update v1.3

Adds:

• Time synchronisation between host and device
• Device info: firmware version, board type, current time
• Generation of time-based authentication tokens (like Webauthn)
• Multiple build targets: Pico and Pico W. LED now works on Pico W.
• Switch to short-form public keys.

Update v1.2

The device pin is now configurable. See PIN protection and the change pin example.

Update v1.1

The device now uses USB CDC rather than serial to communicate with the host which allows much faster bitrates and avoids the need to encode binary data. Performance is improved, but varies considerably by task (results are for a 1000kB input):

task	CDC time(s)	CDC bitrate(kbps)	serial time(s)	serial bitrate(kbps)	Speedup(%)
hash	2.6	3026.3	19.6	407.9	641.9
sign	2.8	2904.1	19.6	408.3	611.3
verify	0.4		0.5		16.0
encrypt	23.9	334.2	43.5	183.8	81.9
decrypt	23.8	336.0	43.1	185.7	81.0

Usage

pico-crypto-key is a python (dev) package that provides:

• a simplified build process
• a python interface to the device.

Dependencies/prerequisites

First, clone/fork this repo and install the package in development (editable) mode:

pip install -e .[dev]

If this step fails, try upgrading to a more recent version of pip.

You will then need to:

• install the compiler toolchain(s) and cmake (ubuntu 22.04LTS is 10.3.1):

  sudo apt install gcc-arm-none-eabi cmake

  NB 13.2.0 is recommended, but 10.3.1 and 14 seem to work too. A prebuilt RISC-V toolchain can be found here.

• download pico-sdk >= 2, see here. NB This project uses a tagged release of pico-sdk, so download and extract e.g. 2.0.0

• download and extract a release of tinyusb. Replace the empty pico-sdk-2.0.0/lib/tinyusb directory with a symlink to where you extracted it, e.g.

  cd pico-sdk-2.0.0/lib
  rmdir tinyusb
  ln -s ../../tinyusb-0.16.0 tinyusb

• [pico_w only], repeat the above step for cyw43-driver, which can be found here

• [pico2 only] tinyUSB 0.16.0 doesn't work. I used a cloned SDK with submodules (rather than a release) for pico2 builds

• download mbedtls: see also their repo. Currently using the 3.6.0 release/tag. This must be kept separate from the implementation in the SDK (which still on v2) and requires a custom configuration.

  create a symlink in the project root to the pico SDK and mbedtls, e.g.:

  ln -s ../mbedtls-3.6.0 mbedtls

You should now have a structure something like this:

.
├──mbedtls-3.6.0
├──pico-crypto-key
│  ├──config
│  │  └──boards.toml
│  ├──examples
│  ├──mbedtls -> ../mbedtls-3.6.0
│  ├──pico_crypto_key
│  │  ├──build.py
│  │  ├──device.py
│  │  └──__init__.py
│  ├──pyproject.toml
│  ├──README.md
│  ├──src
│  └──test
├──pico-sdk-2.0.0
│  └──lib
│     ├──cyw43-driver -> ../../cyw43-driver-1.0.3 *
│     └──tinyusb -> ../../tinyusb-0.16.0
└──tinyusb-0.16.0

* required for pico_w only

In the config/boards.toml file ensure settings for PICO_TOOLCHAIN_PATH and PICO_SDK_PATH are correct.

Configure

If using a fresh download of mbedtls - run the configuration script to customise the build for the Pico, e.g.:

./configure-mbedtls.sh

More info here

Supported boards

The target board must be specified using the --board option when running check, clean, build, install or reset-pin.

• Pico: --board pico
• Pico W: --board pico_w
• Pimoroni Tiny2040 2MB: --board tiny2040
• Pico 2: --board pico2 or --board pico2-riscv

Using the correct board will ensure (amongst other things?) the LED will work. (NB images built for one RP2040 board may work on other RP2040 boards, aside from the LED. YMMV...

Board LED indicators

Board	Init	Ready*	Busy	Invalid	Fatal Error
Pico	Flash	-	On	-	Flashing
Pico W	Flash	-	On	-	Flashing
Tiny2040	White flash	Green	Blue	Red	Flashing Red
Pico 2	Flash	-	On	-	Flashing

* "Ready" state is only enetered after a valid pin is supplied.

Build

These steps use the picobuild script. (See picobuild --help.) Optionally check your configuration is correct then build, e.g for pico2 ARM:

picobuild check --board pico2
picobuild build --board pico2

Ensure your device is connected and mounted ready to accept a new image (press BOOTSEL when connecting), then:

picobuild install  --board pico2 /path/to/RPI-RP2
picobuild test

PIN protection

The device is protected with a PIN, the salted hash of which is read from flash memory. Before first use (or a forgotten PIN), a hash must be written to flash (press BOOTSEL when connecting):

picobuild reset-pin /path/to/RPI-RP2

If the device LED is flashing (red if supported by the board) after this, the reset failed - the flash memory may be worn. Otherwise now reinstall the crypto key image as above. The pin will then be "pico", and it can be changed - see the example.

The python driver will first check for an env var PICO_CRYPTO_KEY_PIN and fall back to a prompt if this is not present.

(NB to run the tests, either use the --pin command line option or set the env var)

Using the device

On boards with multicoloured LEDs (e.g. tiny2040), initialisation is green, busy is blue and error states are red.

The CryptoKey class provides the python interface and is context-managed to help ensure the device gets properly opened and closed. The correct pin must be provided to activate it. Methods available are:

• pubkey return the ECDSA public key (short-form, 33 bytes)
• hash compute the SHA256 hash of the input
• sign compute the SHA256 hash and ECDSA signature of the input
• verify verify the given hash matches the signature and public key
• encrypt encrypts using AES256
• decrypt decrypts using AES256
• register dynamically create an ECDSA public key for verifying, along the lines of WebAuthn
• auth generates a one-time ECDSA-based authentication string, along the lines of WebAuthn
• set_pin set a new PIN
• info returns version, board type and device time

See the examples for more details.

Errors

If there are low-level errors with any of the crypto algorithms then the device may enter an unrecoverable error state where the LED will flash. The error codes can be interpreted like so:

Long flashes	Short flashes	Algorithm	mbedtls error code
1	0	ECDSA	Unknown error
1	1	ECDSA	MBEDTLS_ERR_ECP_BAD_INPUT_DATA
1	2	ECDSA	MBEDTLS_ERR_ECP_BUFFER_TOO_SMALL
1	3	ECDSA	MBEDTLS_ERR_ECP_FEATURE_UNAVAILABLE
1	4	ECDSA	MBEDTLS_ERR_ERROR_CORRUPTION_DETECTED
1	5	ECDSA	MBEDTLS_ERR_MPI_ALLOC_FAILED
2	0	AES	Unknown error
2	1	AES	MBEDTLS_ERR_AES_INVALID_KEY_LENGTH
3	0	SHA	Unknown error

Troubleshooting

• If you get [Errno 13] Permission denied: '/dev/ttyACM0', adding yourself to the dialout group and rebooting should fix.

• If you get usb.core.USBError: [Errno 13] Access denied (insufficient permissions) you'll need to add a udev rule for the device, see this stackoverflow post. This worked for me:

  SUBSYSTEMS=="usb", ENV{DEVTYPE}=="usb_device", ATTRS{idVendor}=="aafe", ATTRS{idProduct}=="c0ff", GROUP="plugdev", MODE="0777"

• the device can get out of sync quite easily when something goes wrong. If so, turn it off and on again ;)

Examples

Hash file

This script just prints the hash of itself.

$ python examples/hash_file.py examples/hash_file.py
PicoCryptoKey 1.3.0-pico
examples/hash_file.py: f99e202cdb1c7091f291a3361eac6b8d2230eef28bd165415e86ec235b03a938

Encrypt/decrypt data

This example will look for an encrypted version of the data (examples/dataframe.csv). If not found it will first encrypt the plaintext.

Then it decrypts the ciphertext and loads the data into a pandas dataframe (you may need to install pandas).

python examples/decrypt_data.py

If you are using the same device you used to encrypt the data, you should see something like this:

decryption took 2.56s
           Area  DC1117EW_C_SEX  DC1117EW_C_AGE NewEthpop_ETH
0     E02001730               2              62           WBI
1     E02001713               2              60           WBI
2     E02001713               1              30           WBI
3     E02001736               1              41           OAS
4     E02001719               2              22           WBI
...         ...             ...             ...           ...
5630  E02001721               1              60           WBI
5631  E02001720               1              22           WBI
5632  E02001729               2              24           MIX
5633  E02006893               1              32           WBI
5634  E02001708               1              28           OAS

[5635 rows x 4 columns]

If you now switch to a different device, it won't be able to decrypt the ciphertext and will return garbage.

Sign data

This example will compute a hash (SHA256) of a file and sign it. It outputs a json object containing the filename, the hash, the signature, and the device's public key.

python examples/sign_data.py

gives you something like

PicoCryptoKey 1.3.0-pico
signing took 0.46s
signature written to signature.json

where signature.json contains

{
  "file": "examples/dataframe.csv",
  "hash": "28d839df69762085f8ac7b360cd5ee0435030247143260cfaff0b313f99a251c",
  "signature": "30460221009531919bd13f964544fb494393e1bea1cf5a04a53d572e914ea1cbc30657166c022100e1d1394240eb9a8269eafa8d06a82d1c087a0af260576577da5f45352ebb4162",
  "pubkey": "020a7dfbd2272ad9e9d49dd11aec4743d10ba3d9e3affc3fa3a64c8a28fd78a212"
}

Verify data

The signature data above should be verifiable by any ECDSA validation algorithm, but you can use the device for this. First it verifies the supplied hash corresponds to the file, then it verifies the signature against the hash and the given public key. It also prints whether the public key provided matches it's own public key.

python examples/verify_data.py

PicoCryptoKey 1.3.0-pico
file hash matches file
verifying device is the signing device
signature is valid
verifying took 0.79s

or, if you use a different board

PicoCryptoKey 1.3.0-pico
file hash matches file
verifying device is not the signing device
signature is valid
verifying took 0.79s

Authenticate

Step 1 generates registration keys for two relying parties - these are short-form ECDSA public keys.

Step 2 generates a time-based auth tokens for each relying party from a challenge string. The tokens are base64-encoded ECDSA signatures of the SHA256 of the challenge appended with the timestamp rounded to the minute.

Third-party code (the ecdsa python package) is then used to verify the public key-auth token pairs.

python examples/auth.py

PicoCryptoKey 1.3.1-pimoroni_tiny2040_2mb 2024-07-09 18:00:41.382000+00:00
Host-device time diff: 0.002865s
registered [email protected]: 0334195ea7cc307c5908bd5f80b5fd0513edf5e8bf0f49c544231e089b2ea6c682
registered [email protected]: 024f4f8fc6a8fca7069ffeb7122f545833ea82727fd3a8286e13f77bdbf6214dc9
challenge is: b'testing time-based auth'
auth response [email protected]: b'MEQCIG4Pp5o/wXMh6RY0Z2zvr1IOBWVhQcHoRyGeQQls8genAiBaJjKeM4R4kI3DD5s3xet4R/K/bQRncyWqBoO89QILkA=='
auth response [email protected]: b'MEYCIQDezWSAyNwvioDXbsO/xDMnDJLhZWWVGLhMLFNoNezRUwIhANC8gdkUtcfDcciGw9J2hbB2NdoqFP+o5RuyYQms30xk'
example.com verified: True
another.org verified: True
example.com cannot verify b'MEYCIQDezWSAyNwvioDXbsO/xDMnDJLhZWWVGLhMLFNoNezRUwIhANC8gdkUtcfDcciGw9J2hbB2NdoqFP+o5RuyYQms30xk'
another.org cannot verify b'MEQCIG4Pp5o/wXMh6RY0Z2zvr1IOBWVhQcHoRyGeQQls8genAiBaJjKeM4R4kI3DD5s3xet4R/K/bQRncyWqBoO89QILkA=='

Authenticate (host-user)

As above, but using a webauthn-style workflow using a local fastapi instance (would normally be a remote website).

First start the host:

fastapi run examples/webauthn_host.py

When up and running, the API endpoints should be documented at http://localhost:8000/docs

Then use the interactive client script to interact with the crypto key and allow you to register and authenticate with the host, like in the example above:

python examples/webauthn_user.py

Try playing around with different users and different keys...

Change PIN

python examples/change_pin.py

This just runs the PIN reset process:

• initialise device
• reset device (you'll need to enter the old PIN, even if this was set in the env)
• enter new PIN and repeat to confirm
• write new PIN to device
• reset device and initialise with new PIN