[build] Python 3.12 build

[feisuzhu]

Issue: #

Brief Summary

🤖 Generated by Copilot at 38d8294

This pull request updates the python version to 3.12 for various workflows in .github/workflows/. This is to test, build, and release taichi on the latest python version and to ensure compatibility, performance, and quality.

Walkthrough

🤖 Generated by Copilot at 38d8294

• Update python version to 3.12 for various workflows to test, measure, and ensure compatibility, performance, and quality of taichi on the latest python version (link, link, link, link, link, link, link, link, link, link, link, link, link, link, link, link)
• Test different backends of taichi on linux, such as AMD GPU, OpenGL, CUDA, and Vulkan, using the testing.yml workflow (link, link, link, link)
• Test miscellaneous features and modules of taichi, such as driver, on linux using the testing.yml workflow (link, link, link, link)
• Test C++ code of taichi on macos using the testing.yml workflow (link)
• Test taichi core and python tests on macos using the testing.yml workflow (link)
• Build and publish taichi packages for the latest python version using the release.yml workflow (link)
• Check code quality and style of taichi on the latest python version using the pull_request.yml workflow (link)
• Measure performance of taichi on the latest python version using the perf.yml workflow and upload the results (link, link)
• Test compatibility of taichi with the latest python version and prepare for future support using the initiator.yml workflow (link)

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