[aot] C-API error handling mechanism (#5847)

* C-API error handling

* Check procedural errors

* Null check

* Fixed compilation

* Vulkan interop

* Fixed compilation

* Fixed compilation

* [pre-commit.ci] auto fixes from pre-commit.com hooks

for more information, see https://pre-commit.ci

* Fixed compilation

* Update c_api/src/taichi_core_impl.cpp

Co-authored-by: Ailing  <[email protected]>

* Fixed typo

Co-authored-by: pre-commit-ci[bot] <66853113+pre-commit-ci[bot]@users.noreply.github.com>
Co-authored-by: Ailing  <[email protected]>

build.ps1

@@ -144,7 +144,7 @@ if ($env:VK_SDK_PATH) {
 
 # Chain up the cmake arguments.
 Write-Host "Will build Taichi ($BuildType) with the following CMake args:"
-$TaichiCMakeArgs = $env:TAICHI_CMAKE_ARGS
+$TaichiCMakeArgs = $env:TAICHI_CMAKE_ARGS ?? ""
 foreach ($Pair in $CMakeArgs.GetEnumerator()) {
     $Key = $Pair | Select-Object -ExpandProperty Key
     $Value = ($Pair | Select-Object -ExpandProperty Value) -replace "\\", "/"

c_api/include/taichi/taichi_core.h

@@ -41,6 +41,21 @@ typedef struct TiKernel_t *TiKernel;
 // handle.compute_graph
 typedef struct TiComputeGraph_t *TiComputeGraph;
 
+// enumeration.error
+typedef enum TiError {
+  TI_ERROR_INCOMPLETE = 1,
+  TI_ERROR_SUCCESS = 0,
+  TI_ERROR_NOT_SUPPORTED = -1,
+  TI_ERROR_CORRUPTED_DATA = -2,
+  TI_ERROR_NAME_NOT_FOUND = -3,
+  TI_ERROR_INVALID_ARGUMENT = -4,
+  TI_ERROR_ARGUMENT_NULL = -5,
+  TI_ERROR_ARGUMENT_OUT_OF_RANGE = -6,
+  TI_ERROR_ARGUMENT_NOT_FOUND = -7,
+  TI_ERROR_INVALID_INTEROP = -8,
+  TI_ERROR_MAX_ENUM = 0xffffffff,
+} TiError;
+
 // enumeration.arch
 typedef enum TiArch {
   TI_ARCH_X64 = 0,
@@ -262,6 +277,14 @@ typedef struct TiNamedArgument {
   TiArgument argument;
 } TiNamedArgument;
 
+// function.get_last_error
+TI_DLL_EXPORT TiError TI_API_CALL ti_get_last_error(uint64_t message_size,
+                                                    char *message);
+
+// function.set_last_error
+TI_DLL_EXPORT void TI_API_CALL ti_set_last_error(TiError error,
+                                                 const char *message);
+
 // function.create_runtime
 TI_DLL_EXPORT TiRuntime TI_API_CALL ti_create_runtime(TiArch arch);