Add RFC for improving client error ergonomics (#2075)

## Motivation and Context
This RFC proposes merging `Error`/`ErrorKind` on code generated client
errors to simplify error handling.


[Rendered](https://github.com/awslabs/smithy-rs/blob/jdisanti-rfc-improve-error-ergonomics/design/src/rfcs/rfc0027_improve_client_error_ergonomics.md)

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_By submitting this pull request, I confirm that you can use, modify,
copy, and redistribute this contribution, under the terms of your
choice._

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Co-authored-by: Zelda Hessler <[email protected]>

design/src/SUMMARY.md

@@ -67,6 +67,7 @@
   - [RFC-0038: User-configurable retry classification](./rfcs/rfc0038_retry_classifier_customization.md)
   - [RFC-0039: Forward Compatible Errors](./rfcs/rfc0039_forward_compatible_errors.md)
   - [RFC-0040: Behavior Versions](./rfcs/rfc0040_behavior_versions.md)
+  - [RFC-0041: Improve client error ergonomics](./rfcs/rfc0041_improve_client_error_ergonomics.md)
 
 - [Contributing](./contributing/overview.md)
   - [Writing and debugging a low-level feature that relies on HTTP](./contributing/writing_and_debugging_a_low-level_feature_that_relies_on_HTTP.md)

design/src/rfcs/overview.md

@@ -50,3 +50,4 @@
 - [RFC-0038: Retry Classifier Customization](./rfc0038_retry_classifier_customization.md)
 - [RFC-0039: Forward Compatible Errors](./rfc0039_forward_compatible_errors.md)
 - [RFC-0040: Behavior Versions](./rfc0040_behavior_versions.md)
+- [RFC-0041: Improve client error ergonomics](./rfc0041_improve_client_error_ergonomics.md)

design/src/rfcs/rfc0041_improve_client_error_ergonomics.md

@@ -0,0 +1,113 @@
+RFC: Improve Client Error Ergonomics
+====================================
+
+> Status: Implemented
+>
+> Applies to: clients
+
+This RFC proposes some changes to code generated errors to make them easier to use for customers.
+With the SDK and code generated clients, customers have two primary use-cases that should be made
+easy without compromising the compatibility rules established in [RFC-0022]:
+
+1. Checking the error type
+2. Retrieving information specific to that error type
+
+Case Study: Handling an error in S3
+-----------------------------------
+
+The following is an example of handling errors with S3 with the latest generated (and unreleased)
+SDK as of 2022-12-07:
+
+```rust,ignore
+let result = client
+    .get_object()
+    .bucket(BUCKET_NAME)
+    .key("some-key")
+    .send()
+    .await;
+    match result {
+        Ok(_output) => { /* Do something with the output */ }
+        Err(err) => match err.into_service_error() {
+            GetObjectError { kind, .. } => match kind {
+                GetObjectErrorKind::InvalidObjectState(value) => println!("invalid object state: {:?}", value),
+                GetObjectErrorKind::NoSuchKey(_) => println!("object didn't exist"),
+            }
+            err @ GetObjectError { .. } if err.code() == Some("SomeUnmodeledError") => {}
+            err @ _ => return Err(err.into()),
+        },
+    }
+```
+
+The refactor that implemented [RFC-0022] added the `into_service_error()` method on `SdkError` that
+infallibly converts the `SdkError` into the concrete error type held by the `SdkError::ServiceError` variant.
+This improvement lets customers discard transient failures and immediately handle modeled errors
+returned by the service.
+
+Despite this, the code is still quite verbose.
+
+Proposal: Combine `Error` and `ErrorKind`
+-----------------------------------------
+
+At time of writing, each operation has both an `Error` and `ErrorKind` type generated.
+The `Error` type holds information that is common across all operation errors: message,
+error code, "extra" key/value pairs, and the request ID.
+
+The `ErrorKind` is always nested inside the `Error`, which results in the verbose
+nested matching shown in the case study above.
+
+To make error handling more ergonomic, the code generated `Error` and `ErrorKind` types
+should be combined. Hypothetically, this would allow for the case study above to look as follows:
+
+```rust,ignore
+let result = client
+    .get_object()
+    .bucket(BUCKET_NAME)
+    .key("some-key")
+    .send()
+    .await;
+match result {
+    Ok(_output) => { /* Do something with the output */ }
+    Err(err) => match err.into_service_error() {
+        GetObjectError::InvalidObjectState(value) => {
+            println!("invalid object state: {:?}", value);
+        }
+        err if err.is_no_such_key() => {
+            println!("object didn't exist");
+        }
+        err if err.code() == Some("SomeUnmodeledError") => {}
+        err @ _ => return Err(err.into()),
+    },
+}
+```
+
+If a customer only cares about checking one specific error type, they can also do:
+
+```rust,ignore
+match result {
+    Ok(_output) => { /* Do something with the output */ }
+    Err(err) => {
+        let err = err.into_service_error();
+        if err.is_no_such_key() {
+            println!("object didn't exist");
+        } else {
+            return Err(err);
+        }
+    }
+}
+```
+
+The downside of this is that combining the error types requires adding the general error
+metadata to each generated error struct so that it's accessible by the enum error type.
+However, this aligns with our tenet of making things easier for customers even if it
+makes it harder for ourselves.
+
+Changes Checklist
+-----------------
+
+- [x] Merge the `${operation}Error`/`${operation}ErrorKind` code generators to only generate an `${operation}Error` enum:
+  - Preserve the `is_${variant}` methods
+  - Preserve error metadata by adding it to each individual variant's context struct
+- [x] Write upgrade guidance
+- [x] Fix examples
+
+[RFC-0022]: ./rfc0022_error_context_and_compatibility.md