[Core] make per-cloud catalog lookup parallel #18770

Job	Run time
python-test (3.8, tests/unit_tests)	3m 8s
python-test (3.8, tests/test_api.py)	38s
python-test (3.8, tests/test_cli.py)	52s
python-test (3.8, tests/test_config.py)	32s
python-test (3.8, tests/test_global_user_state.py)	25s
python-test (3.8, tests/test_jobs.py)	39s
python-test (3.8, tests/test_list_accelerators.py)	47s
python-test (3.8, tests/test_optimizer_dryruns.py)	2m 3s
python-test (3.8, tests/test_optimizer_random_dag.py)	1m 22s
python-test (3.8, tests/test_storage.py)	29s
python-test (3.8, tests/test_wheels.py)	32s
python-test (3.8, tests/test_jobs_and_serve.py)	31s
python-test (3.8, tests/test_yaml_parser.py)	26s
	12m 24s

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