doc: Add a design doc for user customization & persistence

Initially, user defined configurations such as changing the number of
replicas for a given deployment in a MetalK8s cluster are lost during
an upgrade/downgrade scenario.

This document explains some of the design choices considered while
designing a simplistic tool for MetalK8s that guarantees that user defined
configurations are persisted throughout.

Closes: #2233

docs/developer/architecture/index.rst

@@ -7,3 +7,4 @@ Architecture Documents
    deployment
    monitoring
    requirements
+   user_customization_and_persistence

docs/developer/architecture/user_customization_and_persistence.rst

@@ -0,0 +1,192 @@
+User Customization & Persistence
+================================
+
+Context
+-------
+
+.. todo::
+
+   This section will be handled by the requirements PR.
+
+
+Design Choices
+--------------
+
+:term:`ConfigMap` is chosen as a unified data access and storage media for user
+editable configurations in a MetalK8s cluster based on the above requirements
+for the following reasons:
+
+* Ability to support Update operations on ConfigMap's with CLI and UI easily
+  using our already existing python kubernetes module.
+* Guarantee of adaptability and ease of changing the design and implementation
+  in cases were customer needs evolve rapidly.
+* ConfigMaps are stored in the :term:`etcd` database which is generally being
+  backed up. This ensures that user settings cannot be lost easily.
+
+
+How it works
+~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+Before Bootstrap, :file:`defaults.yaml` will be pre-filled with default service
+settings. Service pods and deployments will be configured to either
+consume configuration data directly from ConfigMaps or fallback to
+the default values if the service specific ConfigMap was not found.
+
+**Using Salt states**
+
+Once a ConfigMap is updated by the user (say a user changes the number of
+replicas for Prometheus deployments to a new value), then perform the
+following actions:
+
+  - Apply a Salt states that reads the ConfigMap object, validates the schema
+    and checks the new values passed.
+
+  - Finally, we make sure that the updated values are picked up by their
+    respective consumers (this might require Pod restarts for changes to take
+    effect).
+
+Storage format
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+A sample ConfigMap can be defined with the following fields.
+
+An example of such a ConfigMap:
+
+.. code-block:: yaml
+
+    apiVersion: v1
+    kind: ConfigMap
+    metadata:
+      namespace: <namespace>
+      name: <config-name>
+    data:
+      config.yaml: |-
+        apiVersion: <object-version>
+        kind: <kind>
+        spec:
+          <key>: <values>
+
+**Use case 1:**
+
+Configure and store the number of replicas for service specific Deployments
+found in the `metalk8s-monitoring` namespace using the ConfigMap format.
+
+.. code-block:: yaml
+
+    apiVersion: v1
+    kind: ConfigMap
+    metadata:
+      namespace: metalk8s-monitoring
+      name: metalk8s-grafana-userconfig
+    data:
+      config.yaml: |-
+        apiVersion: metalk8s.scality.com/v1alpha1
+        kind: GrafanaUserConfig
+        spec:
+          replicas: 2
+
+Non-goals
+~~~~~~~~~
+
+- Persisting newly added Grafana dashboards or new Grafana datasources
+  especially for modifications added via the Grafana UI cannot be stored in
+  ConfigMaps.
+  To handle this particular user case, we need to configure Grafana deployments
+  to use persistent volume claims and then document how to create volumes that
+  will handle the persistence of these settings across Pod restarts.
+
+- ConfigMaps as used in the above design for storing and persisting user
+  settings need periodic backups for recovery purposes. This implies that
+  tested backup and restore measures for the :term:`etcd` database need to be
+  put in place to guarantee recovery in cases where there is a full site loss.
+
+Rejected design choices
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+Consul KV vs ConfigMap
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+This approach offers a full fledge KV store with a /kv endpoint which allows
+CRUD operations on all KV data stored in it.
+Consul KV also allows access to past versions of objects and has an optimistic
+concurrency when manipulating multiple objects.
+
+Note that, Consul KV store was rejected because managing operations such as
+performing full backups, system restores for a full fledged KV system
+requires time and much more efforts than the ConfigMap approach.
+
+Operator (Custom Controller) vs ConfigMap
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+Operators are useful in that, they provide self-healing functionalities on a
+reactive basis. When a user changes a given configuration, it is easy to
+reconcile and apply these changes to the in-cluster objects.
+
+The Operator approach was rejected because it is much more complex, requires
+much more effort to realize and there is no real need for applying changes
+using this method because configuration changes are not frequent
+(for a typical MetalK8s admin, changing the number of replicas for a given
+deployment could happen once in 3 months) as such, having an operator watch for
+object changes is not significant and not very useful at this point in time.
+
+
+Implementation Details
+----------------------
+
+Iteration 1
+~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+- Define and deploy new ConfigMap stores that will hold user configurations
+  as listed in the requirements
+- Template and render Deployment and Pod manifests that will make use of
+  this user customizable configurations
+- Document how to change user configurations using kubectl
+- Document how to add Prometheus alerting rules by editing the Prometheus rule
+  CRD.
+
+Iteration 2
+~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+- Provide a CLI tool for changing any of the user configurations:
+
+    - Count of replicas for chosen Deployments (Prometheus)
+    - Updating a Dex authentication connector (OpenLDAP, AD and
+      staticUser store)
+    - Updating the Alertmanager notification configuration
+
+- Provide a UI interface for adding, updating and deleting service specific
+  configurations for example Dex-LDAP  connector integration.
+- Provide a UI interface for listing MetalK8s available/supported Dex
+  authentication Connectors
+- Provide a UI interface for enabling or disabling Dex authentication
+  connectors (LDAP, Active Directory, StaticUser store)
+- Provide a UI interface for changing the number of replicas for a chosen set
+  of MetalK8s deployments (Prometheus, ....)
+- Add a UI interface for listing Alertmanager notification systems MetalK8s
+  will support (Slack, email, hipchat)
+- Provide a UI interface for adding, modifying and deleting Alertmanager
+  configurations from the listing above
+
+Documentation
+-------------
+
+In the Operational Guide:
+
+* Document how to customize or change any given service settings using the CLI
+  tool
+* Document how to customize or change any given service settings using the UI
+  interface
+
+Test Plan
+---------
+
+- Add test that ensures that update operations on user configurations are
+  propagated down to the various services
+
+- Other corner cases that require testing to reduce error prone setups include:
+
+   - Checking for invalid values in a user defined configuration (e.g setting
+     the number of replicas to a string ("two"))
+   - Checking for invalid formats in a user configuration
+   - Checking that a user lost a configuration and we can actually revert
+     to default values within the pillars

docs/glossary.rst

@@ -31,6 +31,18 @@ Glossary
      and from where the cluster will be deployed to other machines. It also
      serves as the entrypoint for upgrades of the cluster.
 
+
+   ConfigMap
+     A ConfigMap is a Kubernetes object that allows one to store general
+     configuration information such as environment variables in a key-value
+     pair format.
+     ConfigMaps can only be applied to namespaces and once created, they can
+     be updated automatically without the need of restarting containers that
+     depend on it.
+
+     |see K8s docs|
+     `ConfigMap <https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/configure-pod-container/configure-pod-configmap/#understanding-configmaps-and-pods/>`_.
+
    Controller Manager
    ``kube-controller-manager``
      The Kubernetes controller manager embeds the core control loops shipped