verify_cert: enforce maximum number of signatures.

Pathbuilding complexity can be quadratic, particularly when the set of
intermediates all have subjects matching a trust anchor. In these cases
we need to bound the number of expensive signature validation operations
that are performed to avoid a DoS on CPU usage.

This commit implements a simple maximum signature check limit inspired
by the approach taken in the Golang x509 package. No more than 100
signatures will be evaluated while pathbuilding. This limit works in
practice for Go when processing real world certificate chains and so
should be appropriate for our use case as well.

src/error.rs

@@ -93,6 +93,9 @@ pub enum Error {
     /// invalid labels.
     MalformedNameConstraint,
 
+    /// The maximum number of signature checks has been reached. Path complexity is too great.
+    MaximumSignatureChecksExceeded,
+
     /// The certificate violates one or more name constraints.
     NameConstraintViolation,
 
@@ -203,7 +206,9 @@ impl Error {
             Error::RequiredEkuNotFound => 24,
             Error::NameConstraintViolation => 23,
             Error::PathLenConstraintViolated => 22,
-            Error::CaUsedAsEndEntity | Error::EndEntityUsedAsCa => 21,
+            Error::CaUsedAsEndEntity
+            | Error::EndEntityUsedAsCa
+            | Error::MaximumSignatureChecksExceeded => 21,
             Error::IssuerNotCrlSigner => 20,
 
             // Errors related to supported features used in an invalid way.

src/verify_cert.rs

@@ -129,14 +129,15 @@ pub(crate) struct ChainOptions<'a> {
 }
 
 pub(crate) fn build_chain(opts: &ChainOptions, cert: &Cert, time: time::Time) -> Result<(), Error> {
-    build_chain_inner(opts, cert, time, 0)
+    build_chain_inner(opts, cert, time, 0, &mut 0_usize)
 }
 
 fn build_chain_inner(
     opts: &ChainOptions,
     cert: &Cert,
     time: time::Time,
     sub_ca_count: usize,
+    signatures: &mut usize,
 ) -> Result<(), Error> {
     let used_as_ca = used_as_ca(&cert.ee_or_ca);
 
@@ -189,7 +190,13 @@ fn build_chain_inner(
 
             // TODO: check_distrust(trust_anchor_subject, trust_anchor_spki)?;
 
-            check_signatures(opts.supported_sig_algs, cert, trust_anchor, opts.revocation)?;
+            check_signatures(
+                opts.supported_sig_algs,
+                cert,
+                trust_anchor,
+                opts.revocation,
+                signatures,
+            )?;
 
             Ok(())
         },
@@ -233,7 +240,7 @@ fn build_chain_inner(
             UsedAsCa::Yes => sub_ca_count + 1,
         };
 
-        build_chain_inner(opts, &potential_issuer, time, next_sub_ca_count)
+        build_chain_inner(opts, &potential_issuer, time, next_sub_ca_count, signatures)
     })
 }
 
@@ -242,12 +249,17 @@ fn check_signatures(
     cert_chain: &Cert,
     trust_anchor: &TrustAnchor,
     revocation: Option<RevocationOptions>,
+    signatures: &mut usize,
 ) -> Result<(), Error> {
     let mut spki_value = untrusted::Input::from(trust_anchor.spki);
     let mut issuer_subject = untrusted::Input::from(trust_anchor.subject);
     let mut issuer_key_usage = None; // TODO(XXX): Consider whether to track TrustAnchor KU.
     let mut cert = cert_chain;
     loop {
+        *signatures += 1;
+        if *signatures > 100 {
+            return Err(Error::MaximumSignatureChecksExceeded);
+        }
         signed_data::verify_signed_data(supported_sig_algs, spki_value, &cert.signed_data)?;
 
         if let Some(revocation_opts) = &revocation {
@@ -643,7 +655,7 @@ impl KeyUsageMode {
 fn loop_while_non_fatal_error<V>(
     default_error: Error,
     values: V,
-    f: impl Fn(V::Item) -> Result<(), Error>,
+    mut f: impl FnMut(V::Item) -> Result<(), Error>,
 ) -> Result<(), Error>
 where
     V: IntoIterator,
@@ -652,6 +664,9 @@ where
     for v in values {
         match f(v) {
             Ok(()) => return Ok(()),
+            Err(Error::MaximumSignatureChecksExceeded) => {
+                return Err(Error::MaximumSignatureChecksExceeded)
+            }
             Err(new_error) => error = error.most_specific(new_error),
         }
     }
@@ -661,7 +676,7 @@ where
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod tests {
     use super::*;
-    use crate::BorrowedCertRevocationList;
+    use crate::{BorrowedCertRevocationList, EndEntityCert, Time, ECDSA_P256_SHA256};
 
     #[test]
     fn eku_key_purpose_id() {
@@ -773,4 +788,62 @@ mod tests {
         // cert has no CRL DPs.
         assert!(crl_authoritative(&crl, &ee));
     }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_too_many_signatures() {
+        let alg = &rcgen::PKCS_ECDSA_P256_SHA256;
+
+        let make_issuer = || {
+            let mut ca_params = rcgen::CertificateParams::new(Vec::new());
+            ca_params
+                .distinguished_name
+                .push(rcgen::DnType::OrganizationName, "Bogus Subject");
+            ca_params.is_ca = rcgen::IsCa::Ca(rcgen::BasicConstraints::Unconstrained);
+            ca_params.key_usages = vec![
+                rcgen::KeyUsagePurpose::KeyCertSign,
+                rcgen::KeyUsagePurpose::DigitalSignature,
+                rcgen::KeyUsagePurpose::CrlSign,
+            ];
+            ca_params.alg = alg;
+            rcgen::Certificate::from_params(ca_params).unwrap()
+        };
+
+        let ca_cert = make_issuer();
+        let ca_cert_der = ca_cert.serialize_der().unwrap();
+
+        let mut intermediates = Vec::with_capacity(101);
+        let mut issuer = ca_cert;
+        for _ in 0..101 {
+            let intermediate = make_issuer();
+            let intermediate_der = intermediate.serialize_der_with_signer(&issuer).unwrap();
+            intermediates.push(intermediate_der);
+            issuer = intermediate;
+        }
+
+        let mut ee_params = rcgen::CertificateParams::new(vec!["example.com".to_string()]);
+        ee_params.is_ca = rcgen::IsCa::ExplicitNoCa;
+        ee_params.alg = alg;
+        let ee_cert = rcgen::Certificate::from_params(ee_params).unwrap();
+        let ee_cert_der = ee_cert.serialize_der_with_signer(&issuer).unwrap();
+
+        let anchors = &[TrustAnchor::try_from_cert_der(&ca_cert_der).unwrap()];
+        let time = Time::from_seconds_since_unix_epoch(0x1fed_f00d);
+        let cert = EndEntityCert::try_from(&ee_cert_der[..]).unwrap();
+        let intermediates_der: Vec<&[u8]> = intermediates.iter().map(|x| x.as_ref()).collect();
+        let intermediate_certs: &[&[u8]] = intermediates_der.as_ref();
+
+        let result = build_chain(
+            &ChainOptions {
+                eku: KeyUsage::server_auth(),
+                supported_sig_algs: &[ECDSA_P256_SHA256],
+                trust_anchors: anchors,
+                intermediate_certs,
+                revocation: None,
+            },
+            cert.inner(),
+            time,
+        );
+
+        assert!(matches!(result, Err(Error::MaximumSignatureChecksExceeded)));
+    }
 }