Allow loop in constant evaluation

text/2344-const-looping.md

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+- Feature Name: `const_looping`
+- Start Date: 2018-02-18
+- RFC PR: [rust-lang/rfcs#2344](https://github.com/rust-lang/rfcs/pull/2344)
+- Rust Issue: [rust-lang/rust#52000](https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/issues/52000)
+
+# Summary
+[summary]: #summary
+
+Allow the use of `loop`, `while` and `while let` during constant evaluation.
+`for` loops are technically allowed, too, but can't be used in practice because
+each iteration calls `iterator.next()`, which is not a `const fn` and thus can't
+be called within constants. Future RFCs (like
+https://github.com/rust-lang/rfcs/pull/2237) might lift that restriction.
+
+# Motivation
+[motivation]: #motivation
+
+Any iteration is expressible with recursion. Since we already allow recursion
+via const fn and termination of said recursion via `if` or `match`, all code
+enabled by const recursion is already legal now. Some algorithms are better
+expressed as imperative loops and a lot of Rust code uses loops instead of
+recursion. Allowing loops in constants will allow more functions to become const
+fn without requiring any changes.
+
+# Guide-level explanation
+[guide-level-explanation]: #guide-level-explanation
+
+If you previously had to write functional code inside constants, you can now
+change it to imperative code. For example if you wrote a fibonacci like
+
+```rust
+const fn fib(n: u128) -> u128 {
+    match n {
+        0 => 1,
+        1 => 1,
+        n => fib(n - 1) + fib(n + 1)
+    }
+}
+```
+
+which takes exponential time to compute a fibonacci number, you could have
+changed it to the functional loop
+
+```rust
+const fn fib(n: u128) -> u128 {
+    const fn helper(n: u128, a: u128, b: u128, i: u128) -> u128 {
+        if i <= n {
+            helper(n, b, a + b, i + 1)
+        } else {
+            b
+        }
+    }
+    helper(n, 1, 1, 2)
+}
+```
+
+but now you can just write it as an imperative loop, which also finishes in
+linear time.
+
+```rust
+const fn fib(n: u128) -> u128 {
+    let mut a = 1;
+    let mut b = 1;
+    let mut i = 2;
+    while i <= n {
+        let tmp = a + b;
+        a = b;
+        b = tmp;
+        i += 1;
+    }
+    b
+}
+```
+
+# Reference-level explanation
+[reference-level-explanation]: #reference-level-explanation
+
+A loop in MIR is a cyclic graph of `BasicBlock`s. Evaluating such a loop is no
+different from evaluating a linear sequence of `BasicBlock`s, except that
+termination is not guaranteed. To ensure that the compiler never hangs
+indefinitely, we count the number of terminators processed and whenever we reach
+a fixed limit, we report a lint mentioning that we cannot guarantee that the
+evaluation will terminate and reset the counter to zero. This lint should recur
+in a non-annoying amount of time (e.g. at least 30 seconds between occurrences).
+This means that there's an internal deterministic counter (for the terminators) and
+a timestamp of the last (if any) loop warning emission. Both the counter needs to reach
+its limit and 30 seconds have to have passed since the last warning emission in order
+for a new warning to be emitted.
+
+# Drawbacks
+[drawbacks]: #drawbacks
+
+* Infinite loops will cause the compiler to never finish if the lint is not denied
+
+# Rationale and alternatives
+[alternatives]: #alternatives
+
+- Do nothing, users can keep using recursion
+
+# Unresolved questions
+[unresolved]: #unresolved-questions
+
+* Should we add a true recursion check that hashes the interpreter state and
+  detects if it has reached the same state again?
+    * This will slow down const evaluation enormously and for complex iterations
+      is essentially useless because it'll take forever (e.g. counting from 0 to
+      `u64::max_value()`)