RFC: Allow coercing non-capturing closures to function pointers.

text/0000-closure-to-fn-coercion.md

@@ -0,0 +1,222 @@
+- Feature Name: closure_to_fn_coercion
+- Start Date: 2016-03-25
+- RFC PR: (leave this empty)
+- Rust Issue: (leave this empty)
+
+# Summary
+[summary]: #summary
+
+A non-capturing (that is, does not `Clone` or `move` any local variables) closure
+should be coercable to a function pointer (`fn`).
+
+# Motivation
+[motivation]: #motivation
+
+Currently in Rust, it is impossible to bind anything but a pre-defined function
+as a function pointer. When dealing with closures, one must either rely upon
+Rust's type-inference capabilities, or use the `Fn` trait to abstract for any
+closure with a certain type signature.
+
+It is not possible to define a function while at the same time binding it to a
+function pointer.
+
+This is, admittedly, a convenience-motivated feature, but in certain situations
+the inability to bind code this way creates a significant amount of boilerplate.
+For example, when attempting to create an array of small, simple, but unique functions,
+it would be necessary to pre-define each and every function beforehand:
+
+```rust
+fn inc_0(var: &mut u32) {}
+fn inc_1(var: &mut u32) { *var += 1; }
+fn inc_2(var: &mut u32) { *var += 2; }
+fn inc_3(var: &mut u32) { *var += 3; }
+
+const foo: [fn(&mut u32); 4] = [
+  inc_0,
+  inc_1,
+  inc_2,
+  inc_3,
+];
+```
+
+This is a trivial example, and one that might not seem too consequential, but the
+code doubles with every new item added to the array. With a large amount of elements,
+the duplication begins to seem unwarranted.
+
+A solution, of course, is to use an array of `Fn` instead of `fn`:
+
+```rust
+const foo: [&'static Fn(&mut u32); 4] = [
+  &|var: &mut u32| {},
+  &|var: &mut u32| *var += 1,
+  &|var: &mut u32| *var += 2,
+  &|var: &mut u32| *var += 3,
+];
+```
+
+And this seems to fix the problem. Unfortunately, however, because we use
+a reference to the `Fn` trait, an extra layer of indirection is added when
+attempting to run `foo[n](&mut bar)`.
+
+Rust must use dynamic dispatch in this situation; a closure with captures is nothing
+but a struct containing references to captured variables. The code associated with a
+closure must be able to access those references stored in the struct.
+
+In situations where this function pointer array is particularly hot code,
+any optimizations would be appreciated. More generally, it is always preferable
+to avoid unnecessary indirection. And, of course, it is impossible to use this syntax
+when dealing with FFI.
+
+Aside from code-size nits, anonymous functions are legitimately useful for programmers.
+In the case of callback-heavy code, for example, it can be impractical to define functions
+out-of-line, with the requirement of producing confusing (and unnecessary) names for each.
+In the very first example given, `inc_X` names were used for the out-of-line functions, but
+more complicated behavior might not be so easily representable.
+
+Finally, this sort of automatic coercion is simply intuitive to the programmer.
+In the `&Fn` example, no variables are captured by the closures, so the theory is
+that nothing stops the compiler from treating them as anonymous functions.
+
+# Detailed design
+[design]: #detailed-design
+
+In C++, non-capturing lambdas (the C++ equivalent of closures) "decay" into function pointers
+when they do not need to capture any variables. This is used, for example, to pass a lambda
+into a C function:
+
+```cpp
+void foo(void (*foobar)(void)) {
+    // impl
+}
+void bar() {
+    foo([]() { /* do something */ });
+}
+```
+
+With this proposal, rust users would be able to do the same:
+
+```rust
+fn foo(foobar: fn()) {
+    // impl
+}
+fn bar() {
+    foo(|| { /* do something */ });
+}
+```
+
+Using the examples within ["Motivation"](#motivation), the code array would
+be simplified to no performance detriment:
+
+```rust
+const foo: [fn(&mut u32); 4] = [
+  |var: &mut u32| {},
+  |var: &mut u32| *var += 1,
+  |var: &mut u32| *var += 2,
+  |var: &mut u32| *var += 3,
+];
+```
+
+Because there does not exist any item in the language that directly produces
+a `fn` type, even `fn` items must go through the process of reification. To
+perform the coercion, then, rustc must additionally allow the reification of
+unsized closures to `fn` types. The implementation of this is simplified by the
+fact that closures' capture information is recorded on the type-level.
+
+*Note:* once explicitly assigned to an `Fn` trait, the closure can no longer be
+coerced into `fn`, even if it has no captures.
+
+```rust
+let a: &Fn(u32) -> u32 = |foo: u32| { foo + 1 };
+let b: fn(u32) -> u32 = *a; // Can't re-coerce
+```
+
+# Drawbacks
+[drawbacks]: #drawbacks
+
+This proposal could potentially allow Rust users to accidentally constrain their APIs.
+In the case of a crate, a user returning `fn` instead of `Fn` may find
+that their code compiles at first, but breaks when the user later needs to capture variables:
+
+```rust
+// The specific syntax is more convenient to use
+fn func_specific(&self) -> (fn() -> u32) {
+  || return 0
+}
+
+fn func_general<'a>(&'a self) -> impl Fn() -> u32 {
+  move || return self.field
+}
+```
+
+In the above example, the API author could start off with the specific version of the function,
+and by circumstance later need to capture a variable. The required change from `fn` to `Fn` could
+be a breaking change.
+
+We do expect crate authors to measure their API's flexibility in other areas, however, as when
+determining whether to take `&self` or `&mut self`. Taking a similar situation to the above: 
+
+```rust
+fn func_specific<'a>(&'a self) -> impl Fn() -> u32 {
+  move || return self.field
+}
+
+fn func_general<'a>(&'a mut self) -> impl FnMut() -> u32 {
+  move || { self.field += 1; return self.field; }
+}
+```
+
+This aspect is probably outweighed by convenience, simplicity, and the potential for optimization
+that comes with the proposed changes.
+
+# Alternatives
+[alternatives]: #alternatives
+
+## Function literal syntax
+
+With this alternative, Rust users would be able to directly bind a function
+to a variable, without needing to give the function a name.
+
+```rust
+let foo = fn() { /* do something */ };
+foo();
+```
+
+```rust
+const foo: [fn(&mut u32); 4] = [
+  fn(var: &mut u32) {},
+  fn(var: &mut u32) { *var += 1 },
+  fn(var: &mut u32) { *var += 2 },
+  fn(var: &mut u32) { *var += 3 },
+];
+```
+
+This isn't ideal, however, because it would require giving new semantics
+to `fn` syntax. Additionally, such syntax would either require explicit return types,
+or additional reasoning about the literal's return type.
+
+```rust
+fn(x: bool) { !x }
+```
+
+The above function literal, at first glance, appears to return `()`. This could be
+potentially misleading, especially in situations where the literal is bound to a
+variable with `let`.
+
+As with all new syntax, this alternative would carry with it a discovery barrier.
+Closure coercion may be preferred due to its intuitiveness.
+
+## Aggressive optimization
+
+This is possibly unrealistic, but an alternative would be to continue encouraging
+the use of closures with the `Fn` trait, but use static analysis to determine
+when the used closure is "trivial" and does not need indirection.
+
+Of course, this would probably significantly complicate the optimization process, and
+would have the detriment of not being easily verifiable by the programmer without
+checking the disassembly of their program.
+
+# Unresolved questions
+[unresolved]: #unresolved-questions
+
+Should we generalize this behavior in the future, so that any zero-sized type that
+implements `Fn` can be converted into a `fn` pointer?

text/0401-coercions.md

@@ -154,6 +154,9 @@ Coercion is allowed between the following types:
 
 * `&mut T` to `*mut T`
 
+* `T` to `fn` if `T` is a closure that does not capture any local variables
+  in its environment.
+
 * `T` to `U` if `T` implements `CoerceUnsized<U>` (see below) and `T = Foo<...>`
   and `U = Foo<...>` (for any `Foo`, when we get HKT I expect this could be a
   constraint on the `CoerceUnsized` trait, rather than being checked here)
@@ -338,7 +341,7 @@ and where unsize_kind(`T`) is the kind of the unsize info
 in `T` - the vtable for a trait definition (e.g. `fmt::Display` or
 `Iterator`, not `Iterator<Item=u8>`) or a length (or `()` if `T: Sized`).
 
-Note that lengths are not adjusted when casting raw slices - 
+Note that lengths are not adjusted when casting raw slices -
 `T: *const [u16] as *const [u8]` creates a slice that only includes
 half of the original memory.
 
@@ -441,4 +444,9 @@ Specifically for the DST custom coercions, the compiler could throw an error if
 it finds a user-supplied implementation of the `Unsize` trait, rather than
 silently ignoring them.
 
-# Unresolved questions
+# Amendments
+
+* Updated by [#1558](https://github.com/rust-lang/rfcs/pull/1558), which allows
+  coercions from a non-capturing closure to a function pointer.
+
+# Unresolved questions