Clean up special casing in as_column for non-typed input

[mroeschke]

Description

Redo at #14636

Clean up special casing for non-typed inputs to essentially do:

try:
     arbitrary = pa.array(arbitrary)
except:
     arbitrary = pd.Series(arbitrary)
return as_column(arbitrary)

Additionally, this change matches a behavior with pandas that will parse string data with dtype=datetime64 type similar to the 2.2 behavior (fail if the resolution of the type doesn't match the string data)

Checklist

• I am familiar with the Contributing Guidelines.
• New or existing tests cover these changes.
• The documentation is up to date with these changes.

[vyasr]

A few questions to make sure that I followed everything. Thanks so much for this! Anything to simplify as_column is amazing work.

[mroeschke]

/merge