Fix string to decimal128 conversion handling large exponents

[davidwendt]

Closes #10221

Fixes exponent handling for large exponents. Avoids using the exp10 function for exponent adjusts since it only accepts and returns double which can become imprecise for large exponents.

Also adds a gtest using the values from #10221.

[codecov]

Codecov Report

Merging #10231 (9d4d81a) into branch-22.04 (a7d88cd) will increase coverage by 0.04%.
The diff coverage is 0.00%.

@@               Coverage Diff                @@
##           branch-22.04   #10231      +/-   ##
================================================
+ Coverage         10.42%   10.47%   +0.04%     
================================================
  Files               119      122       +3     
  Lines             20603    20506      -97     
================================================
- Hits               2148     2147       -1     
+ Misses            18455    18359      -96     

Impacted Files	Coverage Δ
python/cudf/cudf/_fuzz_testing/fuzzer.py	0.00% <0.00%> (ø)
python/cudf/cudf/_fuzz_testing/io.py	0.00% <0.00%> (ø)
python/cudf/cudf/_fuzz_testing/main.py	0.00% <0.00%> (ø)
python/cudf/cudf/_version.py	0.00% <0.00%> (ø)
python/cudf/cudf/comm/gpuarrow.py	0.00% <0.00%> (ø)
python/cudf/cudf/core/_base_index.py	0.00% <0.00%> (ø)
python/cudf/cudf/core/column/categorical.py	0.00% <0.00%> (ø)
python/cudf/cudf/core/column/column.py	0.00% <0.00%> (ø)
python/cudf/cudf/core/column/datetime.py	0.00% <ø> (ø)
python/cudf/cudf/core/column/numerical.py	0.00% <0.00%> (ø)
... and 49 more

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[codereport]

lgtm 👍

[davidwendt]

@gpucibot merge