Fixes open_mfdataset too many open file error

Includes testing to demonstrate an OSError associated
with opening too many files as encountered
using open_mfdataset.

Fixed for the following backends:
 * netCDF4 backend
 * scipy backend
 * pynio backend

Open/close operations on h5netcdf appear to have an
error associated with the h5netcdf library following
correspondence with @shoyer.
Thus, there are still challenges with h5netcdf;
hence, support for h5netcdf is currently disabled.

Note, by default `autoclose=False` for open_mfdataset so standard
behavior is unchanged unless `autoclose=True`.

This choice of default is to select standard xarray performance over
general removal of the OSError associated with opening too many files as
encountered using open_mfdataset.

doc/whats-new.rst

@@ -22,6 +22,12 @@ v0.9.2 (unreleased)
 Enhancements
 ~~~~~~~~~~~~
 
+- It is now possible to set the ``autoclose=True`` argument to
+  :py:func:`~xarray.open_mfdataset` to explicitly close opened files when not
+  in use to prevent occurrence of an OS Error related to too many open files.
+  Note, the default is ``autoclose=False``, which is consistent with previous
+  xarray behavior.  By `Phillip J. Wolfram <https://github.com/pwolfram>`_.
+
 Bug fixes
 ~~~~~~~~~
 

xarray/backends/api.py

@@ -1,7 +1,6 @@
 from __future__ import absolute_import
 from __future__ import division
 from __future__ import print_function
-import gzip
 import os.path
 from distutils.version import StrictVersion
 from glob import glob
@@ -133,7 +132,7 @@ def _protect_dataset_variables_inplace(dataset, cache):
 
 
 def open_dataset(filename_or_obj, group=None, decode_cf=True,
-                 mask_and_scale=True, decode_times=True,
+                 mask_and_scale=True, decode_times=True, autoclose=False,
                  concat_characters=True, decode_coords=True, engine=None,
                  chunks=None, lock=None, cache=None, drop_variables=None):
     """Load and decode a dataset from a file or file-like object.
@@ -163,6 +162,10 @@ def open_dataset(filename_or_obj, group=None, decode_cf=True,
     decode_times : bool, optional
         If True, decode times encoded in the standard NetCDF datetime format
         into datetime objects. Otherwise, leave them encoded as numbers.
+    autoclose : bool, optional
+        If True, automatically close files to avoid OS Error of too many files
+        being open.  However, this option doesn't work with streams, e.g.,
+        BytesIO.
     concat_characters : bool, optional
         If True, concatenate along the last dimension of character arrays to
         form string arrays. Dimensions will only be concatenated over (and
@@ -251,6 +254,12 @@ def maybe_decode_store(store, lock=False):
         else:
             ds2 = ds
 
+        # protect so that dataset store isn't necessarily closed, e.g.,
+        # streams like BytesIO  can't be reopened
+        # datastore backend is responsible for determining this capability
+        if store._autoclose:
+            store.close()
+
         return ds2
 
     if isinstance(filename_or_obj, backends.AbstractDataStore):
@@ -270,34 +279,31 @@ def maybe_decode_store(store, lock=False):
         if filename_or_obj.endswith('.gz'):
             if engine is not None and engine != 'scipy':
                 raise ValueError('can only read gzipped netCDF files with '
-                                 "default engine or engine='scipy'")
-            # if the string ends with .gz, then gunzip and open as netcdf file
-            try:
-                store = backends.ScipyDataStore(gzip.open(filename_or_obj))
-            except TypeError as e:
-                # TODO: gzipped loading only works with NetCDF3 files.
-                if 'is not a valid NetCDF 3 file' in e.message:
-                    raise ValueError('gzipped file loading only supports '
-                                     'NetCDF 3 files.')
-                else:
-                    raise
-        else:
-            if engine is None:
-                engine = _get_default_engine(filename_or_obj,
-                                             allow_remote=True)
-            if engine == 'netcdf4':
-                store = backends.NetCDF4DataStore(filename_or_obj, group=group)
-            elif engine == 'scipy':
-                store = backends.ScipyDataStore(filename_or_obj)
-            elif engine == 'pydap':
-                store = backends.PydapDataStore(filename_or_obj)
-            elif engine == 'h5netcdf':
-                store = backends.H5NetCDFStore(filename_or_obj, group=group)
-            elif engine == 'pynio':
-                store = backends.NioDataStore(filename_or_obj)
+                                 "engine='scipy'")
             else:
-                raise ValueError('unrecognized engine for open_dataset: %r'
-                                 % engine)
+                engine = 'scipy'
+
+        if engine is None:
+            engine = _get_default_engine(filename_or_obj,
+                                         allow_remote=True)
+        if engine == 'netcdf4':
+            store = backends.NetCDF4DataStore(filename_or_obj, group=group,
+                                              autoclose=autoclose)
+        elif engine == 'scipy':
+            store = backends.ScipyDataStore(filename_or_obj,
+                                            autoclose=autoclose)
+        elif engine == 'pydap':
+            store = backends.PydapDataStore(filename_or_obj)
+        elif engine == 'h5netcdf':
+            store = backends.H5NetCDFStore(filename_or_obj, group=group,
+                                           autoclose=autoclose)
+        elif engine == 'pynio':
+            store = backends.NioDataStore(filename_or_obj,
+                                          autoclose=autoclose)
+        else:
+            raise ValueError('unrecognized engine for open_dataset: %r'
+                             % engine)
+
         if lock is None:
             lock = _default_lock(filename_or_obj, engine)
         with close_on_error(store):
@@ -479,6 +485,10 @@ def open_mfdataset(paths, chunks=None, concat_dim=_CONCAT_DIM_DEFAULT,
         Engine to use when reading files. If not provided, the default engine
         is chosen based on available dependencies, with a preference for
         'netcdf4'.
+    autoclose : bool, optional
+        If True, automatically close files to avoid OS Error of too many files
+        being open.  However, this option doesn't work with streams, e.g.,
+        BytesIO.
     lock : False, True or threading.Lock, optional
         This argument is passed on to :py:func:`dask.array.from_array`. By
         default, a per-variable lock is used when reading data from netCDF

xarray/backends/common.py

@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@
 import logging
 import time
 import traceback
+import contextlib
 from collections import Mapping
 from distutils.version import StrictVersion
 
@@ -40,6 +41,14 @@ def _decode_variable_name(name):
         name = None
     return name
 
+def find_root(ds):
+    """
+    Helper function to find the root of a netcdf or h5netcdf dataset.
+    """
+    while ds.parent is not None:
+        ds = ds.parent
+    return ds
+
 
 def robust_getitem(array, key, catch=Exception, max_retries=6,
                    initial_delay=500):
@@ -67,6 +76,7 @@ def robust_getitem(array, key, catch=Exception, max_retries=6,
 
 
 class AbstractDataStore(Mapping):
+    _autoclose = False
 
     def __iter__(self):
         return iter(self.variables)
@@ -107,8 +117,8 @@ def load(self):
         This function will be called anytime variables or attributes
         are requested, so care should be taken to make sure its fast.
         """
-        variables = FrozenOrderedDict((_decode_variable_name(k), v) for k, v in
-                                      iteritems(self.get_variables()))
+        variables = FrozenOrderedDict((_decode_variable_name(k), v)
+                                      for k, v in self.get_variables().items())
         attributes = FrozenOrderedDict(self.get_attrs())
         return variables, attributes
 
@@ -252,3 +262,26 @@ def __getstate__(self):
     def __setstate__(self, state):
         self.__dict__.update(state)
         self.ds = self._opener(mode=self._mode)
+
+    @contextlib.contextmanager
+    def ensure_open(self, autoclose):
+        """
+        Helper function to make sure datasets are closed and opened
+        at appropriate times to avoid too many open file errors.
+
+        Use requires `autoclose=True` argument to `open_mfdataset`.
+        """
+        if self._autoclose and not self._isopen:
+            try:
+                self.ds = self._opener()
+                self._isopen = True
+                yield
+            finally:
+                if autoclose:
+                    self.close()
+        else:
+            yield
+
+    def assert_open(self):
+        if not self._isopen:
+            raise AssertionError('internal failure: file must be open if `autoclose=True` is used.')

xarray/backends/h5netcdf_.py

@@ -2,18 +2,27 @@
 from __future__ import division
 from __future__ import print_function
 import functools
+import operator
 import warnings
 
+import numpy as np
+
 from .. import Variable
 from ..core import indexing
 from ..core.utils import FrozenOrderedDict, close_on_error, Frozen
 from ..core.pycompat import iteritems, bytes_type, unicode_type, OrderedDict
 
-from .common import WritableCFDataStore, DataStorePickleMixin
+from .common import WritableCFDataStore, DataStorePickleMixin, find_root
 from .netCDF4_ import (_nc4_group, _nc4_values_and_dtype,
                        _extract_nc4_variable_encoding, BaseNetCDF4Array)
 
 
+class H5NetCDFFArrayWrapper(BaseNetCDF4Array):
+    def __getitem__(self, key):
+        with self.datastore.ensure_open(autoclose=True):
+            return self.get_array()[key]
+
+
 def maybe_decode_bytes(txt):
     if isinstance(txt, bytes_type):
         return txt.decode('utf-8')
@@ -49,49 +58,62 @@ class H5NetCDFStore(WritableCFDataStore, DataStorePickleMixin):
     """Store for reading and writing data via h5netcdf
     """
     def __init__(self, filename, mode='r', format=None, group=None,
-                 writer=None):
+                 writer=None, autoclose=False):
         if format not in [None, 'NETCDF4']:
             raise ValueError('invalid format for h5netcdf backend')
         opener = functools.partial(_open_h5netcdf_group, filename, mode=mode,
                                    group=group)
         self.ds = opener()
+        if autoclose:
+            raise NotImplemented('autoclose=True is not implemented '
+                                 'for the h5netcdf backend pending further '
+                                 'exploration, e.g., bug fixes (in h5netcdf?)')
+        self._autoclose = False
+        self._isopen = True
         self.format = format
         self._opener = opener
         self._filename = filename
         self._mode = mode
         super(H5NetCDFStore, self).__init__(writer)
 
     def open_store_variable(self, name, var):
-        dimensions = var.dimensions
-        data = indexing.LazilyIndexedArray(BaseNetCDF4Array(name, self))
-        attrs = _read_attributes(var)
+        with self.ensure_open(autoclose=False):
+            dimensions = var.dimensions
+            data = indexing.LazilyIndexedArray(
+                H5NetCDFFArrayWrapper(name, self))
+            attrs = _read_attributes(var)
 
-        # netCDF4 specific encoding
-        encoding = dict(var.filters())
-        chunking = var.chunking()
-        encoding['chunksizes'] = chunking if chunking != 'contiguous' else None
+            # netCDF4 specific encoding
+            encoding = dict(var.filters())
+            chunking = var.chunking()
+            encoding['chunksizes'] = chunking if chunking != 'contiguous' else None
 
-        # save source so __repr__ can detect if it's local or not
-        encoding['source'] = self._filename
-        encoding['original_shape'] = var.shape
+            # save source so __repr__ can detect if it's local or not
+            encoding['source'] = self._filename
+            encoding['original_shape'] = var.shape
 
         return Variable(dimensions, data, attrs, encoding)
 
     def get_variables(self):
-        return FrozenOrderedDict((k, self.open_store_variable(k, v))
-                                 for k, v in iteritems(self.ds.variables))
+        with self.ensure_open(autoclose=False):
+            return FrozenOrderedDict((k, self.open_store_variable(k, v))
+                                     for k, v in iteritems(self.ds.variables))
 
     def get_attrs(self):
-        return Frozen(_read_attributes(self.ds))
+        with self.ensure_open(autoclose=True):
+            return FrozenOrderedDict(_read_attributes(self.ds))
 
     def get_dimensions(self):
-        return self.ds.dimensions
+        with self.ensure_open(autoclose=True):
+            return self.ds.dimensions
 
     def set_dimension(self, name, length):
-        self.ds.createDimension(name, size=length)
+        with self.ensure_open(autoclose=False):
+            self.ds.createDimension(name, size=length)
 
     def set_attribute(self, key, value):
-        self.ds.setncattr(key, value)
+        with self.ensure_open(autoclose=False):
+            self.ds.setncattr(key, value)
 
     def prepare_variable(self, name, variable, check_encoding=False,
                          unlimited_dims=None):
@@ -129,12 +151,14 @@ def prepare_variable(self, name, variable, check_encoding=False,
         return nc4_var, variable.data
 
     def sync(self):
-        super(H5NetCDFStore, self).sync()
-        self.ds.sync()
+        with self.ensure_open(autoclose=True):
+            super(H5NetCDFStore, self).sync()
+            self.ds.sync()
 
     def close(self):
-        ds = self.ds
-        # netCDF4 only allows closing the root group
-        while ds.parent is not None:
-            ds = ds.parent
-        ds.close()
+        if self._isopen:
+            # netCDF4 only allows closing the root group
+            ds = find_root(self.ds)
+            if not ds._closed:
+                ds.close()
+            self._isopen = False