EHN: Groupby on multiindex with missing data in group keys raises Ind…

…exError (#20519)

* If all index values in some level is NA, fill with NaN

doc/source/whatsnew/v1.0.0.rst

@@ -174,7 +174,7 @@ Groupby/resample/rolling
 ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
 
 -
--
+- ``IndexError`` would not raise if all index values in some index level is missing data (:issue:`20519`)
 - Bug in :meth:`DataFrame.groupby` not offering selection by column name when ``axis=1`` (:issue:`27614`)
 
 Reshaping

pandas/core/indexes/multi.py

@@ -1279,7 +1279,10 @@ def _get_grouper_for_level(self, mapper, level):
             # Remove unobserved levels from level_index
             level_index = level_index.take(uniques)
 
-        grouper = level_index.take(codes)
+        if len(level_index):
+            grouper = level_index.take(codes)
+        else:
+            grouper = level_index.take(codes, fill_value=True)
 
         return grouper, codes, level_index
 

pandas/tests/groupby/test_grouping.py

@@ -628,6 +628,49 @@ def test_groupby_empty(self):
         # check name
         assert s.groupby(s).grouper.names == ["name"]
 
+    def test_groupby_level_index_value_all_na(self):
+        # issue 20519
+        df = pd.DataFrame([["x", np.nan, 1]], columns=["A", "B", "C"]).set_index(
+            ["A", "B"]
+        )
+        result = df.groupby(level=["A", "B"]).sum()
+        expected = DataFrame(
+            data=[],
+            index=MultiIndex(
+                levels=[["x"], []],
+                codes=[[], []],
+                names=["A", "B"]
+            ),
+            columns=["C"]
+        )
+        tm.assert_frame_equal(
+            result,
+            expected,
+            check_index_type=False,
+            check_dtype=False
+        )
+
+        df = pd.DataFrame(
+            [[None, None, "x", 2], [np.nan, "y", np.nan, 4]],
+            columns=["A", "B", "C", "D"]
+        ).set_index(["A", "B", "C"])
+        result = df.groupby(level=["A", "B", "C"]).sum()
+        expected = DataFrame(
+            data=[],
+            index=MultiIndex(
+                levels=[[], ["y"], ["x"]],
+                codes=[[], [], []],
+                names=["A", "B", "C"]
+            ),
+            columns=["D"]
+        )
+        tm.assert_frame_equal(
+            result,
+            expected,
+            check_index_type=False,
+            check_dtype=False
+        )
+
 
 # get_group
 # --------------------------------