Soft review

notebook/quantum-mechanics/theory/theory_soft.ipynb

@@ -16,87 +16,61 @@
    "cell_type": "markdown",
    "metadata": {},
    "source": [
-    "## **Background theory**\n",
-    "\n",
-    "In previous notebooks, we focus on numerical solutions of the time-independent\n",
-    "Schrödinger equation. Here, we demonstrate the numercial solution of the \n",
+    "In other notebooks, we focus on numerical solutions of the time-independent\n",
+    "Schrödinger equation. Here, we demonstrate the numerical solution of the \n",
     "one-dimensional time dependent Schrödinger equation. The split operator \n",
     "Fourier transform (SOFT) was employed.\n",
     "\n",
-    "<details open>\n",
-    "<summary style=\"font-size: 20px\">Propagation operator</summary>\n",
     "Let's consider a time-independent Hamiltonian and its associated time-dependent\n",
     "Schrödinger equation for a system of one particle in one dimension.\n",
     "    \n",
     "$$\\large i\\hbar\\frac{d}{dt}|\\psi> = \\hat{H}|\\psi> \\quad \\text{where} \\quad \n",
-    "\\hat{H} = \\frac{\\hat{P}^2}{2m} + V(\\hat{x})$$\n",
+    "\\hat{H} = \\frac{\\hat{P}^2}{2m} + V(\\hat{X})$$\n",
     "\n",
-    "The time evolution of the eigenstates can be formulated as:\n",
-    "    \n",
-    "$$\\large \\psi_n(x,t) = \\psi_n(x)e^{-iE_nt/\\hbar}$$\n",
-    "    \n",
-    "For a small time $\\Delta t$, the evolution of the wavefunction from $t=0$\n",
-    "to $t=\\Delta t$ can be formulated as:\n",
-    "    \n",
-    "$$\\large \\psi(x, \\Delta t) = e^{-iH\\Delta t/\\hbar}\\psi(x, 0)\n",
-    "=\\sum_{n=0}^{\\infty} \\frac{(-1)^n}{n!}\\left(\\frac{iH\\Delta t}{\\hbar}\\right)^n \\psi(x,0)\n",
-    "=U(\\Delta t)\\psi(x,0)$$\n",
-    "    \n",
-    "and where the $U(\\Delta t)$ is called the unitary propagation operator.\n",
-    "The $U$ is Hermitian, which fulfills the condition:\n",
     "    \n",
-    "$$\\large UU^\\dagger = e^{-iHt/\\hbar}e^{-iHt/\\hbar \\dagger}\n",
-    "= e^{-iHt/\\hbar}e^{iHt/\\hbar} = I$$\n",
-    "    \n",
-    "The time-evolution operator is also reversible or symmetric\n",
-    "in thime:\n",
-    "    \n",
-    "$$\\large U(-\\Delta t)U(\\Delta t)|\\psi(x,t)> = |\\psi(x,t)>$$\n",
-    "</details>"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "markdown",
-   "metadata": {},
-   "source": [
-    "<details open>\n",
-    "<summary style=\"font-size: 20px\">Split operator Fourier transform</summary>\n",
     "We know that this equation admits at least a formal solution of the kind\n",
     "$|\\psi(t)> = \\exp\\biggl[-\\frac{i}{\\hbar}\\hat{H}t\\biggr]|\\psi(0)>$\n",
     "that projected on the coordinate basis gives the (still formal) solution\n",
-    "$\\psi(x_t,t) = \\int dx_0 K(x_t, t; x_0, 0)\\psi(x_0,0)$\n",
-    "where $ K(x_t, t; x_0, 0)= < x_t|\\exp\\biggl[-\\frac{i}{\\hbar}\\hat{H}t\\biggr]|x_0 > $\n",
-    "Note that $x_t$ and $x_0$ are just labels for the coordinates, as if we had $x$ and $x'$.\n",
+    "$\\psi(X_t,t) = \\int dX_0 K(X_t, t; X_0, 0)\\psi(X_0,0)$\n",
+    "where $ K(X_t, t; X_0, 0)= < X_t|\\exp\\biggl[-\\frac{i}{\\hbar}\\hat{H}t\\biggr]|X_0 > $\n",
+    "Note that $X_t$ and $X_0$ are just labels for the coordinates, as if we had $X$ and $X'$.\n",
     "\n",
-    "$$\\large k(x_t, x_0) =  < x_t|e^{-\\frac{i}{\\hbar}\\hat{H}t} | x_0 > = < x_{N+1} | \\underbrace{e^{-\\frac{i}{\\hbar}t/N} e^{-\\frac{i}{\\hbar}t/N} ... e^{-\\frac{i}{\\hbar}t/N}}_\\textrm{N} |x_0 >$$\n",
+    "$$\\large k(X_t, X_0) =  < X_t|e^{-\\frac{i}{\\hbar}\\hat{H}t} | X_0 > = < X_{N+1} | \\underbrace{e^{-\\frac{i\\hat{H}}{\\hbar}t/N} e^{-\\frac{i\\hat{H}}{\\hbar}t/N} ... e^{-\\frac{i\\hat{H}}{\\hbar}t/N}}_\\textrm{N} |X_0 >$$\n",
     "    \n",
     "Let us then focus on the single step propogator.\n",
     "    \n",
-    "$$\\large < x_1 |\\psi(\\epsilon) > = \\psi(x_1,\\epsilon) = \\int dx_0 < x_1 | \n",
-    "e^{-\\frac{i}{\\hbar}\\hat{H}\\epsilon} |x_0 > \\psi(x_0,0)$$\n",
+    "$$\\large < X_1 |\\psi(\\epsilon) > = \\psi(X_1,\\epsilon) = \\int dX_0 < X_1 | \n",
+    "e^{-\\frac{i}{\\hbar}\\hat{H}\\epsilon} |X_0 > \\psi(X_0,0)$$\n",
     "    \n",
     "We can use the Trotter approximation to write:\n",
     "    \n",
-    "$$\\large < x_1 |e^{-\\frac{i}{\\hbar}\\hat{H}\\epsilon}| x_0 > = < x_1 | e^{-\\frac{i}{\\hbar}\n",
-    "[\\frac{\\hat{P^2}}{2m}+V(\\hat{x})]\\epsilon} | x_0> \\approx < x_1 | e^{-\\frac{i}\n",
-    "{\\hbar}V(\\hat{x})\\epsilon/2}e^{-\\frac{i}{\\hbar}\\frac{\\hat{P^2}}{2m}\\epsilon}e^{-\\frac{i}\n",
-    "{\\hbar}V(\\hat{x})\\epsilon/2} | x_0 >$$\n",
+    "$$\\large < X_1 |e^{-\\frac{i}{\\hbar}\\hat{H}\\epsilon}| X_0 > = < X_1 | e^{-\\frac{i}{\\hbar}\n",
+    "[\\frac{\\hat{P^2}}{2m}+V(\\hat{X})]\\epsilon} | X_0> \\approx < X_1 | e^{-\\frac{i}\n",
+    "{\\hbar}V(\\hat{X})\\epsilon/2}e^{-\\frac{i}{\\hbar}\\frac{\\hat{P^2}}{2m}\\epsilon}e^{-\\frac{i}\n",
+    "{\\hbar}V(\\hat{X})\\epsilon/2} | X_0 >$$\n",
     "    \n",
-    "$$\\large =e^{-\\frac{i}{\\hbar}V(\\hat{x})\\epsilon /2} \\int dp < x_1 | e^{-\\frac{i}{\\hbar}\\frac{\\hat{P^2}}{2m}\\epsilon} | p > < p | x_0 > e^{ \n",
-    "\\frac{i}{\\hbar}V(\\hat{x})\\epsilon/2}$$\n",
+    "$$\\large =e^{-\\frac{i}{\\hbar}V(\\hat{X})\\epsilon /2} \\int dp < X_1 | e^{-\\frac{i}{\\hbar}\\frac{\\hat{P^2}}{2m}\\epsilon} | P > < P | X_0 > e^{ \n",
+    "\\frac{i}{\\hbar}V(\\hat{X})\\epsilon/2}$$\n",
     "    \n",
-    "where, $< p | x_0 > = \\frac{1}{\\sqrt{2\\pi\\hbar}}e^{-\\frac{i}{\\hbar}Px_0}$.\n",
+    "where, $< p | X_0 > = \\frac{1}{\\sqrt{2\\pi\\hbar}}e^{-\\frac{i}{\\hbar}PX_0}$.\n",
     "    \n",
-    "$$\\large \\psi(x_1,\\epsilon)=e^{-\\frac{1}{\\hbar}V(x_1)\\epsilon/2}\\int \\frac{dp}{\\sqrt{2\\pi\\hbar}}e^{\\frac{i}{\\hbar}px_1}e^{-\\frac{i}{\\hbar}\\frac{p^2}{2m}\\epsilon}\\underbrace{\\int \\frac{dx_0}{\\sqrt{2\\pi\\hbar}}e^{-\\frac{i}{\\hbar}px_0}\\underbrace{e^{-\\frac{i}{\\hbar}V(x_0)\\frac{\\epsilon}{2}}\\psi(x_0,0)}_{\\Phi_{\\frac{\\epsilon}{2}}(x_0)}}_{\\tilde{\\Phi}_{\\frac{\\epsilon}{2}}(p)}$$\n",
+    "$$\\large \\psi(X_1,\\epsilon)=e^{-\\frac{1}{\\hbar}V(X_1)\\epsilon/2}\\int \\frac{dP}{\\sqrt{2\\pi\\hbar}}e^{\\frac{i}{\\hbar}PX_1}e^{-\\frac{i}{\\hbar}\\frac{P^2}{2m}\\epsilon}\\underbrace{\\int \\frac{dX_0}{\\sqrt{2\\pi\\hbar}}e^{-\\frac{i}{\\hbar}PX_0}\\underbrace{e^{-\\frac{i}{\\hbar}V(X_0)\\frac{\\epsilon}{2}}\\psi(X_0,0)}_{\\Phi_{\\frac{\\epsilon}{2}}(X_0)}}_{\\tilde{\\Phi}_{\\frac{\\epsilon}{2}}(P)}$$\n",
     "    \n",
-    "$$\\large \\psi(x_1,\\epsilon)=e^{-\\frac{1}{\\hbar}V(x_1)\\epsilon/2}\\underbrace{\\int \\frac{dp}{\\sqrt{2\\pi\\hbar}}e^{\\frac{i}{\\hbar}px_1}\\underbrace{e^{-\\frac{i}{\\hbar}\\frac{p^2}{2m}\\epsilon}\\tilde{\\Phi}_{\\frac{\\epsilon}{2}}(p)}_{\\tilde{\\Phi}(p)}}_{\\tilde{\\Phi}(x_1)}$$\n",
+    "$$\\large \\psi(X_1,\\epsilon)=e^{-\\frac{1}{\\hbar}V(X_1)\\epsilon/2}\\underbrace{\\int \\frac{dP}{\\sqrt{2\\pi\\hbar}}e^{\\frac{i}{\\hbar}PX_1}\\underbrace{e^{-\\frac{i}{\\hbar}\\frac{P^2}{2m}\\epsilon}\\tilde{\\Phi}_{\\frac{\\epsilon}{2}}(P)}_{\\tilde{\\Phi}(P)}}_{\\tilde{\\Phi}(X_1)}$$, \n",
+    "\n",
+    "where we recognize $\\tilde{\\Phi}(P)$ as the Fourier transform of $\\Phi(X)$ for instance.\n",
     "    \n",
-    "By interating N times, we can obtain $\\psi(x,t)$. In summary, the split operator\n",
-    "Fourier transfer algorithm can be conducted into five step as shown below:\n",
+    "By interating N times, we can obtain $\\psi(X,t)$. In summary, the split operator\n",
+    "Fourier transfer algorithm can be reduced into the repeated execution of the five steps shown below:\n",
     "\n",
-    "<img src=\"../images/SOFT_algorithm.png\" style=\"height:250px;\">\n",
-    "</details>"
+    "<img src=\"../images/SOFT_algorithm.png\" style=\"height:250px;width:600px\">\n",
+    "\n"
    ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": []
   }
  ],
  "metadata": {
@@ -115,7 +89,7 @@
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-   "version": "3.8.8"
+   "version": "3.10.6"
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   "voila": {
    "authors": "Dou Du, Sara Bonella and Giovanni Pizzi"