[processor/transform] Update transformprocessor to log errors

[TylerHelmuth]

Description:
Updates transformprocessor to log errors before returning. I ran into an issue with a customer where we knew the transformprocessor was erroring but we didn't see it in the logs. It turned out to be a receiver swallowing the error.

Since we can't rely on all receivers to handle errors properly, this change ensures that the transformprocessor's errors do not go undetected.

[runforesight]

Foresight Summary

    
Major Impacts

build-and-test-windows duration(6 seconds) has decreased 41 minutes 44 seconds compared to main branch avg(41 minutes 50 seconds).

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⭕  build-and-test-windows workflow has finished in 6 seconds (41 minutes 43 seconds less than main branch avg.) and finished at 24th Feb, 2023.

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Job	Failed Steps	Tests
windows-unittest-matrix	-     🔗	N/A	See Details
windows-unittest	-     🔗	N/A	See Details

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✅  check-links workflow has finished in 56 seconds (1 minute 27 seconds less than main branch avg.) and finished at 24th Feb, 2023.

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✅  telemetrygen workflow has finished in 1 minute 19 seconds (1 minute 40 seconds less than main branch avg.) and finished at 24th Feb, 2023.

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✅  changelog workflow has finished in 2 minutes 22 seconds and finished at 24th Feb, 2023.

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✅  build-and-test workflow has finished in 39 minutes 52 seconds (28 minutes 38 seconds less than main branch avg.) and finished at 24th Feb, 2023.

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Job	Failed Steps	Tests
unittest-matrix (1.19, internal)	-     🔗	✅ 561  ❌ 0  ⏭ 0    🔗	See Details
unittest-matrix (1.20, internal)	-     🔗	✅ 561  ❌ 0  ⏭ 0    🔗	See Details
unittest-matrix (1.19, extension)	-     🔗	✅ 537  ❌ 0  ⏭ 0    🔗	See Details
unittest-matrix (1.20, processor)	-     🔗	✅ 1512  ❌ 0  ⏭ 0    🔗	See Details
unittest-matrix (1.20, extension)	-     🔗	✅ 537  ❌ 0  ⏭ 0    🔗	See Details
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unittest-matrix (1.19, receiver-0)	-     🔗	✅ 2577  ❌ 0  ⏭ 0    🔗	See Details
unittest-matrix (1.20, receiver-0)	-     🔗	✅ 2577  ❌ 0  ⏭ 0    🔗	See Details
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publish-dev	-     🔗	N/A	See Details

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✅  prometheus-compliance-tests workflow has finished in 3 minutes 38 seconds (5 minutes 29 seconds less than main branch avg.) and finished at 24th Feb, 2023.

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Job	Failed Steps	Tests
prometheus-compliance-tests	-     🔗	✅ 21  ❌ 0  ⏭ 0    🔗	See Details

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✅  load-tests workflow has finished in 16 minutes 47 seconds and finished at 24th Feb, 2023.

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loadtest (TestTraceAttributesProcessor)	-     🔗	✅ 3  ❌ 0  ⏭ 0    🔗	See Details
loadtest (TestIdleMode)	-     🔗	✅ 1  ❌ 0  ⏭ 0    🔗	See Details
loadtest (TestMetric10kDPS|TestMetricsFromFile)	-     🔗	✅ 6  ❌ 0  ⏭ 0    🔗	See Details
loadtest (TestTraceNoBackend10kSPS|TestTrace1kSPSWithAttrs)	-     🔗	✅ 8  ❌ 0  ⏭ 0    🔗	See Details
loadtest (TestMetricResourceProcessor|TestTrace10kSPS)	-     🔗	✅ 12  ❌ 0  ⏭ 0    🔗	See Details
loadtest (TestTraceBallast1kSPSWithAttrs|TestTraceBallast1kSPSAddAttrs)	-     🔗	✅ 10  ❌ 0  ⏭ 0    🔗	See Details
loadtest (TestBallastMemory|TestLog10kDPS)	-     🔗	✅ 18  ❌ 0  ⏭ 0    🔗	See Details
setup-environment	-     🔗	N/A	See Details

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✅  e2e-tests workflow has finished in 14 minutes 2 seconds and finished at 24th Feb, 2023.

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kubernetes-test (v1.26.0)	-     🔗	N/A	See Details
kubernetes-test (v1.25.3)	-     🔗	N/A	See Details
kubernetes-test (v1.24.7)	-     🔗	N/A	See Details
kubernetes-test (v1.23.13)	-     🔗	N/A	See Details

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