Gracefully handle casts during arithmetic operations

[SupunS]

Description

Port of https://github.com/dapperlabs/cadence-internal/pull/37

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• Targeted PR against master branch
• Linked to Github issue with discussion and accepted design OR link to spec that describes this work
• Code follows the standards mentioned here
• Updated relevant documentation
• Re-reviewed Files changed in the Github PR explorer
• Added appropriate labels

[github-actions]

Cadence Benchstat comparison

This branch with compared with the base branch onflow:master commit 4fffc3b
The command for i in {1..N}; do go test ./... -run=XXX -bench=. -shuffle=on; done was used.
Bench tests were run a total of 7 times on each branch.

Results

	old.txt	new.txt
	time/op		delta
RuntimeFungibleTokenTransfer-2	1.14ms ±23%	1.07ms ±28%	~	(p=0.710 n=7+7)
ParseDeploy/decode_hex-2	1.11ms ± 7%	1.06ms ± 3%	~	(p=0.128 n=7+7)
QualifiedIdentifierCreation/One_level-2	2.19ns ± 7%	2.07ns ± 0%	~	(p=0.219 n=7+7)
ContractInterfaceFungibleToken-2	37.7µs ± 7%	36.1µs ± 8%	~	(p=0.165 n=7+7)
CheckContractInterfaceFungibleTokenConformance-2	127µs ±16%	117µs ± 1%	~	(p=0.051 n=7+6)
InterpretRecursionFib-2	2.32ms ±10%	2.17ms ± 6%	~	(p=0.165 n=7+7)
NewInterpreter/new_interpreter-2	933ns ± 7%	877ns ± 1%	~	(p=0.051 n=7+6)
NewInterpreter/new_sub-interpreter-2	1.88µs ± 7%	1.75µs ± 1%	~	(p=0.137 n=7+7)
RuntimeResourceDictionaryValues-2	13.4ms ± 6%	12.7ms ± 1%	−5.54%	(p=0.007 n=7+7)
ParseInfix-2	20.0µs ± 7%	18.8µs ± 1%	−5.89%	(p=0.011 n=7+7)
ParseFungibleToken-2	372µs ± 8%	350µs ± 0%	−5.98%	(p=0.035 n=7+6)
QualifiedIdentifierCreation/Three_levels-2	131ns ± 6%	122ns ± 1%	−6.67%	(p=0.006 n=7+7)
ParseDeploy/byte_array-2	28.4ms ± 7%	26.5ms ± 1%	−6.72%	(p=0.001 n=7+7)
ParseArray-2	18.8ms ± 9%	17.3ms ± 1%	−7.56%	(p=0.001 n=7+7)
	alloc/op		delta
RuntimeResourceDictionaryValues-2	4.04MB ± 0%	4.04MB ± 0%	~	(p=0.165 n=7+7)
RuntimeFungibleTokenTransfer-2	238kB ± 0%	238kB ± 0%	~	(p=0.805 n=7+7)
QualifiedIdentifierCreation/One_level-2	0.00B	0.00B	~	(all equal)
QualifiedIdentifierCreation/Three_levels-2	64.0B ± 0%	64.0B ± 0%	~	(all equal)
ContractInterfaceFungibleToken-2	26.5kB ± 0%	26.5kB ± 0%	~	(all equal)
CheckContractInterfaceFungibleTokenConformance-2	65.7kB ± 0%	65.7kB ± 0%	~	(p=0.592 n=7+7)
InterpretRecursionFib-2	1.24MB ± 0%	1.24MB ± 0%	~	(p=0.303 n=5+7)
NewInterpreter/new_interpreter-2	720B ± 0%	720B ± 0%	~	(all equal)
NewInterpreter/new_sub-interpreter-2	1.18kB ± 0%	1.18kB ± 0%	~	(all equal)
	allocs/op		delta
RuntimeResourceDictionaryValues-2	102k ± 0%	102k ± 0%	~	(p=0.563 n=7+7)
RuntimeFungibleTokenTransfer-2	4.54k ± 0%	4.54k ± 0%	~	(p=0.494 n=7+7)
QualifiedIdentifierCreation/One_level-2	0.00	0.00	~	(all equal)
QualifiedIdentifierCreation/Three_levels-2	2.00 ± 0%	2.00 ± 0%	~	(all equal)
ContractInterfaceFungibleToken-2	457 ± 0%	457 ± 0%	~	(all equal)
CheckContractInterfaceFungibleTokenConformance-2	1.07k ± 0%	1.07k ± 0%	~	(all equal)
InterpretRecursionFib-2	25.0k ± 0%	25.0k ± 0%	~	(all equal)
NewInterpreter/new_interpreter-2	11.0 ± 0%	11.0 ± 0%	~	(all equal)
NewInterpreter/new_sub-interpreter-2	36.0 ± 0%	36.0 ± 0%	~	(all equal)

[turbolent]

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