Backfill metadnode more intelligently

Only attempt to backfill lower metadnode object numbers if at least 4096
objects have been freed since the last rescan, and at most once per
transaction group. This avoids a pathology in dmu_object_alloc() that
caused O(N^2) behavior for create-heavy workloads and substantially
improves object creation rates. As summarized by @mahrens in openzfs#4636:

"Normally, the object allocator simply checks to see if the next
object is available. The slow calls happened when dmu_object_alloc()
checks to see if it can backfill lower object numbers. This happens
every time we move on to a new L1 indirect block (i.e. every 32 *
128 = 4096 objects).  When re-checking lower object numbers, we use
the on-disk fill count (blkptr_t:blk_fill) to quickly skip over
indirect blocks that don’t have enough free dnodes (defined as an L2
with at least 393,216 of 524,288 dnodes free). Therefore, we may
find that a block of dnodes has a low (or zero) fill count, and yet
we can’t allocate any of its dnodes, because they've been allocated
in memory but not yet written to disk. In this case we have to hold
each of the dnodes and then notice that it has been allocated in
memory.

The end result is that allocating N objects in the same TXG can
require CPU usage proportional to N^2."

Signed-off-by: Ned Bass <[email protected]>

include/sys/dmu_objset.h

@@ -57,6 +57,9 @@ struct dmu_tx;
 
 #define	OBJSET_FLAG_USERACCOUNTING_COMPLETE	(1ULL<<0)
 
+/* Backfill lower metadnode objects after this many have been freed. */
+#define	OBJSET_RESCAN_DNODE_THRESHOLD	4096
+
 typedef struct objset_phys {
 	dnode_phys_t os_meta_dnode;
 	zil_header_t os_zil_header;
@@ -106,6 +109,8 @@ struct objset {
 	zil_header_t os_zil_header;
 	list_t os_synced_dnodes;
 	uint64_t os_flags;
+	uint64_t os_freed_dnodes;
+	boolean_t os_rescan_dnodes;
 
 	/* Protected by os_obj_lock */
 	kmutex_t os_obj_lock;

module/zfs/dmu_object.c

@@ -36,33 +36,42 @@ dmu_object_alloc(objset_t *os, dmu_object_type_t ot, int blocksize,
     dmu_object_type_t bonustype, int bonuslen, dmu_tx_t *tx)
 {
 	uint64_t object;
-	uint64_t L2_dnode_count = DNODES_PER_BLOCK <<
+	uint64_t L1_dnode_count = DNODES_PER_BLOCK <<
 	    (DMU_META_DNODE(os)->dn_indblkshift - SPA_BLKPTRSHIFT);
 	dnode_t *dn = NULL;
-	int restarted = B_FALSE;
 
 	mutex_enter(&os->os_obj_lock);
 	for (;;) {
 		object = os->os_obj_next;
 		/*
-		 * Each time we polish off an L2 bp worth of dnodes
-		 * (2^13 objects), move to another L2 bp that's still
-		 * reasonably sparse (at most 1/4 full).  Look from the
-		 * beginning once, but after that keep looking from here.
-		 * If we can't find one, just keep going from here.
+		 * Each time we polish off a L1 bp worth of dnodes (2^12
+		 * objects), move to another L1 bp that's still reasonably
+		 * sparse (at most 1/4 full). Look from the beginning at most
+		 * once per txg, but after that keep looking from here.
+		 * os_scan_dnodes is set during txg sync if enough objects
+		 * have been freed since the previous rescan to justify
+		 * backfilling again. If we can't find a suitable block, just
+		 * keep going from here.
 		 *
 		 * Note that dmu_traverse depends on the behavior that we use
 		 * multiple blocks of the dnode object before going back to
 		 * reuse objects.  Any change to this algorithm should preserve
 		 * that property or find another solution to the issues
 		 * described in traverse_visitbp.
 		 */
-		if (P2PHASE(object, L2_dnode_count) == 0) {
-			uint64_t offset = restarted ? object << DNODE_SHIFT : 0;
-			int error = dnode_next_offset(DMU_META_DNODE(os),
+
+		if (P2PHASE(object, L1_dnode_count) == 0) {
+			uint64_t offset;
+			int error;
+			if (os->os_rescan_dnodes) {
+				offset = 0;
+				os->os_rescan_dnodes = B_FALSE;
+			} else {
+				offset = object << DNODE_SHIFT;
+			}
+			error = dnode_next_offset(DMU_META_DNODE(os),
 			    DNODE_FIND_HOLE,
 			    &offset, 2, DNODES_PER_BLOCK >> 2, 0);
-			restarted = B_TRUE;
 			if (error == 0)
 				object = offset >> DNODE_SHIFT;
 		}

module/zfs/dmu_objset.c

@@ -1151,6 +1151,13 @@ dmu_objset_sync(objset_t *os, zio_t *pio, dmu_tx_t *tx)
 		if (dr->dr_zio)
 			zio_nowait(dr->dr_zio);
 	}
+
+	/* Enable dnode backfill if enough objects have been freed. */
+	if (os->os_freed_dnodes >= OBJSET_RESCAN_DNODE_THRESHOLD) {
+		os->os_rescan_dnodes = B_TRUE;
+		os->os_freed_dnodes = 0;
+	}
+
 	/*
 	 * Free intent log blocks up to this tx.
 	 */

module/zfs/dnode_sync.c

@@ -688,6 +688,7 @@ dnode_sync(dnode_t *dn, dmu_tx_t *tx)
 	}
 
 	if (freeing_dnode) {
+		dn->dn_objset->os_freed_dnodes++;
 		dnode_sync_free(dn, tx);
 		return;
 	}