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For goroutines and channels, I created an application using a Dispatcher -> Worker -> Job pattern to benchmark and compare results in differing scenarios. These comparisons would allow me to see how the same pattern operated under types of loads and hopefully uncover some situations where this was an optimal pattern to follow.

levelup.gitconnected.com/golang-channels-goroutines-and-optimal-concurrency-demystifying-through-examples-a43ba6aee74f
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jobs
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pprof
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scripts
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workers
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.env
.env
 
 
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.gitignore
 
 
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Golang-Channels

Reference Article

See my accompanying article on Level Up Coding here: https://levelup.gitconnected.com/golang-channels-goroutines-and-optimal-concurrency-demystifying-through-examples-a43ba6aee74f

To Do

  • Benchmark docs and examples
  • Better tests
  • More documentation via godocs after tests are updated

Installation

git clone [email protected]:mwiater/golangchannels.git
cd golangchannels
go get

Optional:

  • For linting with make golang-lint: golangci-lint must be installed
  • For testing with make golang-test: gotestsum must be installed.

Application

Convenience Commands

NOTE: This repository was created to run on a linux x86 machine. There are example make commands and scripts to cross-compile to other architectures, but these convenience methods have only been tested from a linux x86 source (though the corss-compiled binaries have been successfully tested on the appropriate source architectures). If you are on another source architecture, native go commands should work fine, but the build scripts included here may not. See the ./scripts directory to see what the bash scripts are doing--you should be able to infer the native go commands for your system, if you have issues executing any of the convenience scripts.

Type make for a list of commands (comments added for clarity):

Targets in this Makefile:

make golang-benchmark       # Run benchmark test: ./dispatcher/dispatcher_test.go
make golang-build-arm64     # Build the application binary to: ./bin/golangchannels-arm64
make golang-build-linux64   # Build the application binary to: ./bin/golangchannels
make golang-build-windows64 # Build the application binary to: ./bin/bin/golangchannels.exe
make golang-godoc           # Start the documentation server
make golang-lint            # Lint the application
make golang-pprof           # Generate pprof profiles in ./pprof
make golang-run             # Compile and run the binary
make golang-test            # Run the tests

For details on these commands, see the bash scripts in the 'scripts/' directory.

Run the application

Type: make golang-run

.env: Override default settings

You can use the .env file to override the default values. Blank values will become the defaults below (comments added for clarity):

DEBUG=true              // Verbose console output, default: false
JOBNAME=                // Job: EmptySleepJob (default), PiJob, or IoJob
STARTINGWORKERCOUNT=    // Workers to start the test with, default: 1
MAXWORKERCOUNT=         // Workers to ramp up to, default: runtime.NumCPU()
TOTALJOBCOUNT=          // Jobs to run, default: runtime.NumCPU() * 2

With the default values above, on an 8 CPU core system, the application:

  • Runs a total of 8 passes:
    • The first pass with STARTINGWORKERCOUNT workers, in this example: 1
    • Add one worker for the next pass
    • Repeat until MAXWORKERCOUNT is reached, in this example: 8
    • Total jobs to process: 16
  • Display a list of Summary Results:

Type: make golang-run

Example 01: EmptySleepJob Results:

With the .env file shown above, the results are:

(tests 1-7 ommitted from this example)
...
--------------------------------------
|  Spawning workers for test 8 of 8  |
--------------------------------------

Workers: 8                           Job Name: EmptySleepJob
------------------------------------------------------------
  Workers In Use:                    8
  Workers Available:                 8
  Workers Idle:                      0
  Number of Jobs:                    16
------------------------------------------------------------

Allocating Worker #1:                5602333e-76eb
Allocating Worker #2:                54e6a5f7-2738
Allocating Worker #3:                6cbb7138-3d46
Allocating Worker #4:                06ff3344-6433
Allocating Worker #5:                90813e84-d391
Allocating Worker #6:                8d2a9ce9-6f64
Allocating Worker #7:                6e12a298-b1cc
Allocating Worker #8:                0a1c3778-092a
  Allocating Job #1:                 e827c11d-49c7
  Allocating Job #2:                 cb0ac4b7-7c95
  Allocating Job #3:                 5f4528c1-f523
  Allocating Job #4:                 b7b22f30-b9cb
  Allocating Job #5:                 a9706aec-7fc7
  Allocating Job #6:                 9b2c68c1-647f
  Allocating Job #7:                 f89c0bb5-9915
  Allocating Job #8:                 03f4c06b-484c
  Allocating Job #9:                 f19123a8-f5e4
  Allocating Job #10:                0fe68097-d6ad
  Allocating Job #11:                46b954cc-9485
  Allocating Job #12:                3b93deb7-b296
  Allocating Job #13:                75f7cd25-bced
  Allocating Job #14:                905956e4-acd9
  Allocating Job #15:                3e852446-2e27
  JOB 4/16 STARTED:                  b7b22f30-b9cb with Worker: 06ff3344-6433
  JOB 5/16 STARTED:                  a9706aec-7fc7 with Worker: 90813e84-d391
  JOB 3/16 STARTED:                  5f4528c1-f523 with Worker: 6cbb7138-3d46
  JOB 8/16 STARTED:                  03f4c06b-484c with Worker: 6e12a298-b1cc
  JOB 7/16 STARTED:                  f89c0bb5-9915 with Worker: 0a1c3778-092a
  JOB 1/16 STARTED:                  e827c11d-49c7 with Worker: 5602333e-76eb
  JOB 6/16 STARTED:                  9b2c68c1-647f with Worker: 8d2a9ce9-6f64
  JOB 2/16 STARTED:                  cb0ac4b7-7c95 with Worker: 54e6a5f7-2738
  Allocating Job #16:                37fe0fe1-84dd
  JOB 9/16 STARTED:                  f19123a8-f5e4 with Worker: 5602333e-76eb
  JOB 11/16 STARTED:                 46b954cc-9485 with Worker: 6e12a298-b1cc
  JOB 10/16 STARTED:                 0fe68097-d6ad with Worker: 8d2a9ce9-6f64
  JOB 12/16 STARTED:                 3b93deb7-b296 with Worker: 54e6a5f7-2738
    -> JOB 1/16 COMPLETED:           ✓ Ran EmptySleepJob in: 1.000 Seconds / Used 0.006MB of Memory
    -> JOB 6/16 COMPLETED:           ✓ Ran EmptySleepJob in: 1.000 Seconds / Used 0.006MB of Memory
    -> JOB 8/16 COMPLETED:           ✓ Ran EmptySleepJob in: 1.000 Seconds / Used 0.006MB of Memory
    -> JOB 2/16 COMPLETED:           ✓ Ran EmptySleepJob in: 1.000 Seconds / Used 0.006MB of Memory
  JOB 13/16 STARTED:                 75f7cd25-bced with Worker: 0a1c3778-092a
    -> JOB 7/16 COMPLETED:           ✓ Ran EmptySleepJob in: 1.001 Seconds / Used 0.006MB of Memory
  JOB 14/16 STARTED:                 905956e4-acd9 with Worker: 6cbb7138-3d46
    -> JOB 3/16 COMPLETED:           ✓ Ran EmptySleepJob in: 1.001 Seconds / Used 0.006MB of Memory
  JOB 15/16 STARTED:                 3e852446-2e27 with Worker: 90813e84-d391
    -> JOB 4/16 COMPLETED:           ✓ Ran EmptySleepJob in: 1.001 Seconds / Used 0.006MB of Memory
    -> JOB 5/16 COMPLETED:           ✓ Ran EmptySleepJob in: 1.001 Seconds / Used 0.006MB of Memory
  JOB 16/16 STARTED:                 37fe0fe1-84dd with Worker: 06ff3344-6433
    -> JOB 12/16 COMPLETED:          ✓ Ran EmptySleepJob in: 1.002 Seconds / Used 0.006MB of Memory
    -> JOB 11/16 COMPLETED:          ✓ Ran EmptySleepJob in: 1.002 Seconds / Used 0.006MB of Memory
    -> JOB 13/16 COMPLETED:          ✓ Ran EmptySleepJob in: 1.002 Seconds / Used 0.006MB of Memory
    -> JOB 9/16 COMPLETED:           ✓ Ran EmptySleepJob in: 1.002 Seconds / Used 0.006MB of Memory
    -> JOB 16/16 COMPLETED:          ✓ Ran EmptySleepJob in: 1.002 Seconds / Used 0.006MB of Memory
    -> JOB 10/16 COMPLETED:          ✓ Ran EmptySleepJob in: 1.002 Seconds / Used 0.006MB of Memory
    -> JOB 15/16 COMPLETED:          ✓ Ran EmptySleepJob in: 1.002 Seconds / Used 0.006MB of Memory
    -> JOB 14/16 COMPLETED:          ✓ Ran EmptySleepJob in: 1.002 Seconds / Used 0.006MB of Memory

-----------------------------------------------------------------------
Total time taken:                    2.004093 Seconds


Summary Results: EmptySleepJob
+---------+------+--------------+-------------------+-------------+--------+
| WORKERS | JOBS | AVG JOB TIME | TOTAL WORKER TIME | AVG MEM USE |  +/-   |
+---------+------+--------------+-------------------+-------------+--------+
|       1 |   16 | 1.00s        | 16.03s            | 0.003Mb     | (1x)*  |
|       2 |   16 | 1.00s        | 8.02s             | 0.004Mb     | +2x    |
|       3 |   16 | 1.00s        | 6.01s             | 0.004Mb     | +2.67x |
|       4 |   16 | 1.00s        | 4.01s             | 0.004Mb     | +4x    |
|       5 |   16 | 1.00s        | 4.01s             | 0.005Mb     | +4x    |
|       6 |   16 | 1.00s        | 3.01s             | 0.005Mb     | +5.33x |
|       7 |   16 | 1.00s        | 3.01s             | 0.005Mb     | +5.33x |
|       8 |   16 | 1.00s        | 2.00s             | 0.006Mb     | +8x    |
+---------+------+--------------+-------------------+-------------+--------+

* Baseline: All subsequent +/- tests are compared to this.

Expectations:

  • ✅ As each job is just a time.Sleep(1 * time.Second) command, each job should take about 1 second to execute.
  • ✅ As expected, 1 worker completing 16 of these jobs takes about 16 seconds and 8 workers runs approximately 8 times as fast: 2 seconds.

Example 02: PiJob Results:

To run a similar test, but with a different job, just change the JOBNAME (options: EmptySleepJob, PiJob, or IoJob)

DEBUG=true
JOBNAME=PiJob
STARTINGWORKERCOUNT=
MAXWORKERCOUNT=
TOTALJOBCOUNT=

The PiJob represents a CPU-bound test, so the overall concurrency performance will be much lower than the EmptySleepJob:

(tests 1-7 ommitted from this example)
...
--------------------------------------
|  Spawning workers for test 8 of 8  |
--------------------------------------

Workers: 8                           Job Name: PiJob
----------------------------------------------------
  Workers In Use:                    8
  Workers Available:                 8
  Workers Idle:                      0
  Number of Jobs:                    16
----------------------------------------------------

Allocating Worker #1:                7fe7b934-58be
Allocating Worker #2:                5110d081-61cf
Allocating Worker #3:                eea33792-edeb
Allocating Worker #4:                0350c02e-be14
Allocating Worker #5:                b97cfa56-57be
Allocating Worker #6:                9beb8f92-f783
  Allocating Job #1:                 ee278e6e-2ea9
  Allocating Job #2:                 116065ce-b313
  Allocating Job #3:                 ec344b16-83ce
  Allocating Job #4:                 9e42773f-40c9
  JOB 2/16 STARTED:                  116065ce-b313 with Worker: 7fe7b934-58be
  JOB 4/16 STARTED:                  9e42773f-40c9 with Worker: eea33792-edeb
  JOB 3/16 STARTED:                  ec344b16-83ce with Worker: 5110d081-61cf
Allocating Worker #7:                2841b0aa-4751
Allocating Worker #8:                41e06f3b-fe55
  Allocating Job #5:                 f9e6ccb1-43b7
  JOB 5/16 STARTED:                  f9e6ccb1-43b7 with Worker: 0350c02e-be14
  JOB 1/16 STARTED:                  ee278e6e-2ea9 with Worker: 9beb8f92-f783
  Allocating Job #6:                 437387c3-3be9
  Allocating Job #7:                 a3179e53-0a4b
  Allocating Job #8:                 d43e1761-1509
  Allocating Job #9:                 eb33c4a2-f160
  Allocating Job #10:                64f260c6-dbe0
  Allocating Job #11:                575bd2c6-91f3
  Allocating Job #12:                af5ef86a-25d3
  Allocating Job #13:                102f8717-9da3
  Allocating Job #14:                abb6fe18-f7db
  Allocating Job #15:                14d0af91-1b65
  Allocating Job #16:                7d84a170-a8be
  JOB 6/16 STARTED:                  437387c3-3be9 with Worker: b97cfa56-57be
  JOB 8/16 STARTED:                  d43e1761-1509 with Worker: 2841b0aa-4751
  JOB 7/16 STARTED:                  a3179e53-0a4b with Worker: 41e06f3b-fe55
  JOB 9/16 STARTED:                  eb33c4a2-f160 with Worker: eea33792-edeb
    -> JOB 4/16 COMPLETED:           ✓ Ran PiJob in: 2.438 Seconds / Used 0.085MB of Memory
  JOB 10/16 STARTED:                 64f260c6-dbe0 with Worker: 41e06f3b-fe55
    -> JOB 7/16 COMPLETED:           ✓ Ran PiJob in: 2.547 Seconds / Used 0.015MB of Memory
  JOB 11/16 STARTED:                 575bd2c6-91f3 with Worker: b97cfa56-57be
    -> JOB 6/16 COMPLETED:           ✓ Ran PiJob in: 2.561 Seconds / Used 0.015MB of Memory
  JOB 12/16 STARTED:                 af5ef86a-25d3 with Worker: 2841b0aa-4751
    -> JOB 8/16 COMPLETED:           ✓ Ran PiJob in: 2.612 Seconds / Used 0.020MB of Memory
  JOB 13/16 STARTED:                 102f8717-9da3 with Worker: 0350c02e-be14
    -> JOB 5/16 COMPLETED:           ✓ Ran PiJob in: 2.633 Seconds / Used 0.015MB of Memory
  JOB 14/16 STARTED:                 abb6fe18-f7db with Worker: 7fe7b934-58be
    -> JOB 2/16 COMPLETED:           ✓ Ran PiJob in: 2.645 Seconds / Used 0.015MB of Memory
  JOB 15/16 STARTED:                 14d0af91-1b65 with Worker: 9beb8f92-f783
    -> JOB 1/16 COMPLETED:           ✓ Ran PiJob in: 2.707 Seconds / Used 0.014MB of Memory
  JOB 16/16 STARTED:                 7d84a170-a8be with Worker: 5110d081-61cf
    -> JOB 3/16 COMPLETED:           ✓ Ran PiJob in: 2.727 Seconds / Used 0.015MB of Memory
    -> JOB 11/16 COMPLETED:          ✓ Ran PiJob in: 2.367 Seconds / Used 0.014MB of Memory
    -> JOB 12/16 COMPLETED:          ✓ Ran PiJob in: 2.331 Seconds / Used 0.014MB of Memory
    -> JOB 9/16 COMPLETED:           ✓ Ran PiJob in: 2.532 Seconds / Used 0.014MB of Memory
    -> JOB 10/16 COMPLETED:          ✓ Ran PiJob in: 2.462 Seconds / Used 0.014MB of Memory
    -> JOB 13/16 COMPLETED:          ✓ Ran PiJob in: 2.389 Seconds / Used 0.014MB of Memory
    -> JOB 15/16 COMPLETED:          ✓ Ran PiJob in: 2.361 Seconds / Used 0.015MB of Memory
    -> JOB 14/16 COMPLETED:          ✓ Ran PiJob in: 2.424 Seconds / Used 0.015MB of Memory
    -> JOB 16/16 COMPLETED:          ✓ Ran PiJob in: 2.358 Seconds / Used 0.014MB of Memory

-----------------------------------------------------------------------
Total time taken:                    5.092568 Seconds




Summary Results: PiJob
+---------+------+--------------+-------------------+-------------+--------+
| WORKERS | JOBS | AVG JOB TIME | TOTAL WORKER TIME | AVG MEM USE |  +/-   |
+---------+------+--------------+-------------------+-------------+--------+
|       1 |   16 | 1.01s        | 16.19s            | 0.009Mb     | (1x)*  |
|       2 |   16 | 1.08s        | 8.67s             | 0.010Mb     | +1.87x |
|       3 |   16 | 1.23s        | 7.21s             | 0.011Mb     | +2.25x |
|       4 |   16 | 1.54s        | 6.20s             | 0.014Mb     | +2.61x |
|       5 |   16 | 1.64s        | 6.08s             | 0.016Mb     | +2.66x |
|       6 |   16 | 1.83s        | 5.48s             | 0.015Mb     | +2.96x |
|       7 |   16 | 2.12s        | 5.67s             | 0.020Mb     | +2.85x |
|       8 |   16 | 2.51s        | 5.09s             | 0.019Mb     | +3.18x |
+---------+------+--------------+-------------------+-------------+--------+

* Baseline: All subsequent +/- tests are compared to this.

Other convenience commands:

List available commands: make

Targets in this Makefile:

make golang-benchmark
make golang-build-arm64
make golang-build-linux64
make golang-build-windows64
make golang-godoc
make golang-lint
make golang-pprof
make golang-run
make golang-test

For details on these commands, see the bash scripts in the 'scripts/' directory.

make golang-benchmark

make golang-benchmark To benchmark the application via: ./dispatcher/dispatcher_test.go

make golang-build

make golang-build Build the application binary to: ./bin/golangchannels

make golang_build_arm64 make golang_build_linux64 make golang_build_windows64

make golang-godoc

make golang-godoc To start the docs server: Starting godoc server on port: 6060... The root directory for this app is: /pkg/github.com/mattwiater/golangchannels/

make golang-lint

make golang-lint golangci-lint must be installed to lint the application.

make golang-pprof

make golang-pprof pprof must be installed to generate cpuprofile, memprofile, blockprofile, and, mutexprofile profiles. This command will generate 1-8 profiles of each type, which can then be analyzed via the command line (e.g.: go tool pprof ./pprof/cpuprofile-08-workers.out) or visually via a browser (e.g.: go tool pprof -http='{your-ip-address}:8081' ./pprof/cpuprofile-08-workers.out).

Example Output (Just showing the first of 8 benchmarks):

Running pprofs for 8 CPUs...
Running pprof: 1 Workers

  BENCHMARK SETUP:
  #=> Job:   PiJob
  #=> Starting Worker Count:       1
  #=> Max Worker Count:            1
  #=> Job Count:                   64
    #=> Benchmark Elapsed:        1m4.354124664s

goos: linux
goarch: amd64
cpu: Intel(R) Core(TM) i7-9700K CPU @ 3.60GHz
BenchmarkRun/Worker_Count:_1-8                 1        64354143863 ns/op       35979108096 B/op        23537220 allocs/op
PASS
ok      command-line-arguments  64.552s
    Generated Profile: ./pprof/cpuprofile-01-workers.out
    Generated Profile: ./pprof/memprofile-01-workers.out
    Generated Profile: ./pprof/blockprofile-01-workers.out
    Generated Profile: ./pprof/mutexprofile-01-workers.out

...

make golang-run

make golang-run To run the application. NOTE: This command compiles and executes the binary in: ./bin/golangchannels If you just want to run the application, use: go run .

make golang-test

make golang-test gotestsum must be installed to test the application.

Clearing test cache...
...Complete.

Running tests...
EMPTY .
EMPTY dispatcher
PASS common.TestConsoleColumnWidth (0.00s)
PASS common.TestSplitStringLines (0.00s)
PASS common
PASS config.TestAppConfig (0.00s)
PASS config
PASS jobs/emptySleepJob.TestEmptySleepJob (1.00s)
PASS jobs/emptySleepJob
PASS jobs/piJob.TestPiJob (15.10s)
PASS jobs/piJob
PASS jobs/ioJob.TestIoJob (16.03s)
PASS jobs/ioJob
EMPTY structs
EMPTY workers

DONE 6 tests in 22.292s
...Complete.

Code coverage:

go test ./... -coverprofile ./coverage/coverprofile.out

go tool cover -html=./coverage/coverprofile.out -o ./coverage/cover.html

The commands above will generate a test coverage report: ./coverage/cover.html

About

For goroutines and channels, I created an application using a Dispatcher -> Worker -> Job pattern to benchmark and compare results in differing scenarios. These comparisons would allow me to see how the same pattern operated under types of loads and hopefully uncover some situations where this was an optimal pattern to follow.

levelup.gitconnected.com/golang-channels-goroutines-and-optimal-concurrency-demystifying-through-examples-a43ba6aee74f

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golang concurrency channels goroutines

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