FIX-#7371: Fix inserting datelike values into a DataFrame

[noloerino]

What do these changes do?

When a new value is inserted into a frame, we call pandas.api.types.pandas_dtype(value) to extract the dtype of an object like a pandas Series or numpy array. After #7261, when a scalar value is passed, this usually raises a TypeError, so we construct a local pandas Series from the object and extract the dtype from there.

When the passed value is a date-like string, pandas will instead raise a ValueError because it tries to parse it as a numpy structured dtype. After this fix, we now catch ValueError in addition to TypeError to handle this case.

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• passes flake8 modin/ asv_bench/benchmarks scripts/doc_checker.py
• passes black --check modin/ asv_bench/benchmarks scripts/doc_checker.py
• signed commit with git commit -s
• Resolves BUG: can't create a new column with string which looks like a date #7371
• tests added and passing
• module layout described at docs/development/architecture.rst is up-to-date