A dotenv Example

Contents

1. What is dotenv?
2. Getting Started
3. How dotenv works
4. Making git Ignore .env
5. Other Solutions to The "Sensitive Information" Problem

What is dotenv?

The dotenv gem makes it easy to load project-specific environment variables. This means we won't have to mess with system configuration files in order to store things as environment variables in our local development environment.

Remember, we want to store sensitive information like usernames, passwords, and access tokens as environment variables for a few reasons:

1. We don't want other people to see this information in our code on GitHub
2. If someone else wants to use our code, e.g., a teammate, they will have to change the environment-specific information anyhow.

Getting Started

To get started

1. Fork this repository if you want your own copy to play with

2. Clone this repository (or your fork) onto your local computer

3. If you haven't installed the "bundler" gem yet, do so now by running

   gem install bundler

   It's ok to run this even if bundler is already installed. The "bundler" gem provides the bundle command.

4. In the dotenv-example directory, run

   bundle install

   to install the necessary gems. If this doesn't work, either the "bundler" gem isn't installed or there is something wrong with your Ruby installation. Let us know!

5. Run

   ruby example.rb

   and see what happens. :)

Don't be afraid to read the contents of example.rb and .gitignore!

How dotenv Works

dotenv relies on you creating a .env file in the root directory of your project. It might look like this:

Example .env file:

TWITTER_API_KEY="my-twitter-api-key"
TWITTER_API_SECRET="my-twitter-api-secret"

GITHUB_ACCESS_TOKEN="my-github-access-token"

Note: Environment variables don't need to be given names in all caps, but that's the convention. You will throw other people off if you don't follow the same convention.

At the top of our program, we need to tell the dotenv gem to load the .env file, which we do like so:

# This is your main program file

# Load the dotenv gem
require 'dotenv'

# This tells dotenv to read the .env file and set the appropriate values in ENV
Dotenv.load

# Assuming we used the example .env file above, ENV['TWITTER_API_SECRET'] should
# now contain the string "my-twitter-api-secret".

puts ENV['TWITTER_API_SECRET']

Making git Ignore .env

At first glance, this doesn't really solve our problem. Sure, the sensitive information is now stored in a .env file instead of being hard-coded into our Ruby program, but if we commit the .env file we're back at square one.

Fortunately, it's possible to tell git to ignore certain files in the current directory. Each line in the .gitignore file describes a file, directory, or set of files that git should ignore.

See our example .gitignore file.

What does "ignore" mean?

"Ignore" means git will really, really ignore the file. You couldn't commit a file whose name was in .gitignore even if you tried. Git will treat the file as if it simply didn't exist.

Other Solutions to The "Sensitive Information" Problem

Every solution to the "sensitive information" problem follows the same fundamental pattern:

1. Separate your sensitive information from your program
2. Have your program load the file with sensitive information
3. Tell git to ignore that file

That said, dotenv isn't the only solution. There are other gems like figaro which are very similar to dotenv, for example.

If you don't want to or can't use a gem to separate sensitive information from your project, there are a few other options. A common pattern is to create a configuration file in an easy-to-read format like YAML called, say, credentials.yml. You would then store sensitive information in that file and add that file to .gitignore, so that you couldn't accidentally push it up to GitHub or otherwise reveal its contents.

You'd have to write your own code to load the file, although in the case the Ruby standard library comes with a a library to parse YAML.

The nice thing about using environment variables is that they use a standard interface available to any program and can be changed without modifying a file in an idiomatic, project-specific format.