I'm not sure how to fix the following error: Unsupported backend: numpy. Any explanation is highly appreciated!

[CharukaWick]

---

NotImplementedError Traceback (most recent call last)
Cell In[2], line 1
----> 1 import deepxde as dde

File ~/Applications/anaconda3/lib/python3.12/site-packages/deepxde/init.py:21
18 version = "unknown version"
20 # Should import backend before importing anything else
---> 21 from . import backend
23 from . import callbacks
24 from . import data

File ~/Applications/anaconda3/lib/python3.12/site-packages/deepxde/backend/init.py:130
126 set_default_backend("paddle")
127 return "paddle"
--> 130 load_backend(get_preferred_backend())

File ~/Applications/anaconda3/lib/python3.12/site-packages/deepxde/backend/init.py:110, in get_preferred_backend()
108 backend_name = config_dict.get("backend", "").lower()
109 if backend_name is not None:
--> 110 verify_backend(backend_name)
111 return backend_name
112 # No backend selected

File ~/Applications/anaconda3/lib/python3.12/site-packages/deepxde/backend/utils.py:73, in verify_backend(backend_name)
65 import_funcs = {
66 "tensorflow.compat.v1": import_tensorflow_compat_v1,
67 "tensorflow": import_tensorflow,
(...)
70 "paddle": import_paddle,
71 }
72 if backend_name not in import_funcs:
---> 73 raise NotImplementedError(
74 f"Unsupported backend: {backend_name}.\n"
75 "Please select backend from tensorflow.compat.v1, tensorflow, pytorch, jax or paddle."
76 )
77 if not import_funcsbackend_name:
78 raise RuntimeError(
79 f"Backend is set as {backend_name}, but '{backend_name}' failed to import."
80 )

NotImplementedError: Unsupported backend: numpy.
Please select backend from tensorflow.compat.v1, tensorflow, pytorch, jax or paddle.

[vl-dud]

Did you set the backend explicitly? Like:

import os
os.environ["DDEBACKEND"] = "tensorflow.compat.v1"

[CharukaWick]

Thank you so much. It worked. I really appreciate your help.

…

On Thu, Feb 6, 2025, 4:52 AM vl-dud ***@***.***> wrote: Did you set the backend explicitly? Like: import os os.environ["DDEBACKEND"] = "tensorflow.compat.v1" — Reply to this email directly, view it on GitHub <#1944 (comment)>, or unsubscribe <https://github.com/notifications/unsubscribe-auth/APQGQCZEM3N3UNXESEZ7UWD2OMWG5AVCNFSM6AAAAABWSCK5SCVHI2DSMVQWIX3LMV43OSLTON2WKQ3PNVWWK3TUHMZDMMZZGMZTEOJRG4> . You are receiving this because you authored the thread.Message ID: ***@***.***>