Fix hash of Parameter and ParameterExpression

This fixes the construction paths for `Parameter` and its hash such that
it will now correctly hash equal to any `ParameterExpression`s that it
compares equal to.  This is a requirement of the Python data model for
hashmaps and hashsets, which previously we were breaking.  In order to
achieve this, we slightly modify the hash key such that the `Parameter`
instances are no longer a part of the hash of `ParameterExpression`,
which means we can use the same hashing strategy for both.

This rearrangement has the benefit of removing the requirement for the
`__new__` overrides on `Parameter` and `ParameterVectorElement`, and the
pickle overrides for `ParameterVectorElement`.

qiskit/circuit/parameter.py

@@ -52,34 +52,25 @@ class Parameter(ParameterExpression):
 
     __slots__ = ("_name", "_uuid", "_hash")
 
-    def __new__(cls, name, uuid=None):  # pylint: disable=unused-argument
-        # Parameter relies on self._uuid being set prior to other attributes
-        # (e.g. symbol_map) which may depend on self._uuid for Parameter's hash
-        # or __eq__ functions.
-        obj = object.__new__(cls)
-
-        if uuid is None:
-            obj._uuid = uuid4()
-        else:
-            obj._uuid = uuid
-
-        obj._hash = hash(obj._uuid)
-        return obj
-
-    def __getnewargs__(self):
-        # Unpickling won't in general call __init__ but will always call
-        # __new__. Specify arguments to be passed to __new__ when unpickling.
-
-        return (self.name, self._uuid)
+    # This `__init__` does not call the super init, because we can't construct the
+    # `_parameter_symbols` dictionary we need to pass to it before we're entirely initialised
+    # anyway, because `ParameterExpression` depends heavily on the structure of `Parameter`.
 
-    def __init__(self, name: str):
+    def __init__(self, name: str, *, uuid=None):  # pylint: disable=super-init-not-called
         """Create a new named :class:`Parameter`.
 
         Args:
             name: name of the ``Parameter``, used for visual representation. This can
                 be any unicode string, e.g. "ϕ".
+            uuid: For advanced usage only.  Override the UUID of this parameter, in order to make it
+                compare equal to some other parameter object.  By default, two parameters with the
+                same name do not compare equal to help catch shadowing bugs when two circuits
+                containing the same named parameters are spurious combined.  Setting the ``uuid``
+                field when creating two parameters to the same thing (along with the same name)
+                allows them to be equal.  This is useful during serialization and deserialization.
         """
         self._name = name
+        self._uuid = uuid4() if uuid is None else uuid
         if not _optionals.HAS_SYMENGINE:
             from sympy import Symbol
 
@@ -88,7 +79,12 @@ def __init__(self, name: str):
             import symengine
 
             symbol = symengine.Symbol(name)
-        super().__init__(symbol_map={self: symbol}, expr=symbol)
+
+        self._symbol_expr = symbol
+        self._parameter_keys = frozenset((self._hash_key(),))
+        self._hash = hash((self._parameter_keys, self._symbol_expr))
+        self._parameter_symbols = {self: symbol}
+        self._name_map = None
 
     def assign(self, parameter, value):
         if parameter != self:
@@ -144,20 +140,27 @@ def __eq__(self, other):
         else:
             return False
 
+    def _hash_key(self):
+        # This isn't the entirety of the object that's passed to `hash`, just the "key" part of
+        # individual parameters.  The hash of a full `ParameterExpression` needs to depend on the
+        # "keys" of `Parameter`s, and our hash needs to be computable before we can be fully
+        # initialised as a `ParameterExpression`, so we break the cycle by making our "key"
+        # accessible separately.
+        return (self._name, self._uuid)
+
     def __hash__(self):
+        # This is precached for performance, since it's used a lot and we are immutable.
         return self._hash
 
+    # We have to manually control the pickling so that the hash is computable before the unpickling
+    # operation attempts to put this parameter into a hashmap.
+
     def __getstate__(self):
-        return {"name": self._name}
+        return (self._name, self._uuid, self._symbol_expr)
 
     def __setstate__(self, state):
-        self._name = state["name"]
-        if not _optionals.HAS_SYMENGINE:
-            from sympy import Symbol
-
-            symbol = Symbol(self._name)
-        else:
-            import symengine
-
-            symbol = symengine.Symbol(self._name)
-        super().__init__(symbol_map={self: symbol}, expr=symbol)
+        self._name, self._uuid, self._symbol_expr = state
+        self._parameter_keys = frozenset((self._hash_key(),))
+        self._hash = hash((self._parameter_keys, self._symbol_expr))
+        self._parameter_symbols = {self: self._symbol_expr}
+        self._name_map = None

qiskit/circuit/parameterexpression.py

@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@
 class ParameterExpression:
     """ParameterExpression class to enable creating expressions of Parameters."""
 
-    __slots__ = ["_parameter_symbols", "_parameters", "_symbol_expr", "_name_map"]
+    __slots__ = ["_parameter_symbols", "_parameter_keys", "_symbol_expr", "_name_map"]
 
     def __init__(self, symbol_map: dict, expr):
         """Create a new :class:`ParameterExpression`.
@@ -47,21 +47,24 @@ def __init__(self, symbol_map: dict, expr):
                 serving as their placeholder in expr.
             expr (sympy.Expr): Expression of :class:`sympy.Symbol` s.
         """
+        # NOTE: `Parameter.__init__` does not call up to this method, since this method is dependent
+        # on `Parameter` instances already being initialised enough to be hashable.  If changing
+        # this method, check that `Parameter.__init__` and `__setstate__` are still valid.
         self._parameter_symbols = symbol_map
-        self._parameters = set(self._parameter_symbols)
+        self._parameter_keys = frozenset(p._hash_key() for p in self._parameter_symbols)
         self._symbol_expr = expr
         self._name_map: dict | None = None
 
     @property
     def parameters(self) -> set:
         """Returns a set of the unbound Parameters in the expression."""
-        return self._parameters
+        return self._parameter_symbols.keys()
 
     @property
     def _names(self) -> dict:
         """Returns a mapping of parameter names to Parameters in the expression."""
         if self._name_map is None:
-            self._name_map = {p.name: p for p in self._parameters}
+            self._name_map = {p.name: p for p in self._parameter_symbols}
         return self._name_map
 
     def conjugate(self) -> "ParameterExpression":
@@ -121,8 +124,7 @@ def bind(
 
         symbol_values = {}
         for parameter, value in parameter_values.items():
-            if parameter in self._parameters:
-                param_expr = self._parameter_symbols[parameter]
+            if (param_expr := self._parameter_symbols.get(parameter)) is not None:
                 symbol_values[param_expr] = value
 
         bound_symbol_expr = self._symbol_expr.subs(symbol_values)
@@ -197,8 +199,8 @@ def subs(
         # but with our sympy symbols instead of theirs.
         symbol_map = {}
         for old_param, new_param in parameter_map.items():
-            if old_param in self._parameters:
-                symbol_map[self._parameter_symbols[old_param]] = new_param._symbol_expr
+            if (old_symbol := self._parameter_symbols.get(old_param)) is not None:
+                symbol_map[old_symbol] = new_param._symbol_expr
                 for p in new_param.parameters:
                     new_parameter_symbols[p] = symbol_type(p.name)
 
@@ -507,7 +509,7 @@ def __int__(self):
             raise TypeError("could not cast expression to int") from exc
 
     def __hash__(self):
-        return hash((frozenset(self._parameter_symbols), self._symbol_expr))
+        return hash((self._parameter_keys, self._symbol_expr))
 
     def __copy__(self):
         return self

qiskit/circuit/parametervector.py

@@ -22,23 +22,8 @@ class ParameterVectorElement(Parameter):
 
     ___slots__ = ("_vector", "_index")
 
-    def __new__(cls, vector, index, uuid=None):  # pylint:disable=unused-argument
-        obj = object.__new__(cls)
-
-        if uuid is None:
-            obj._uuid = uuid4()
-        else:
-            obj._uuid = uuid
-
-        obj._hash = hash(obj._uuid)
-        return obj
-
-    def __getnewargs__(self):
-        return (self.vector, self.index, self._uuid)
-
-    def __init__(self, vector, index, uuid=None):  # pylint: disable=unused-argument
-        name = f"{vector.name}[{index}]"
-        super().__init__(name)
+    def __init__(self, vector, index, uuid=None):
+        super().__init__(f"{vector.name}[{index}]", uuid=uuid)
         self._vector = vector
         self._index = index
 
@@ -52,21 +37,6 @@ def vector(self):
         """Get the parent vector instance."""
         return self._vector
 
-    def __getstate__(self):
-        return {
-            "name": self._name,
-            "uuid": self._uuid,
-            "vector": self._vector,
-            "index": self._index,
-        }
-
-    def __setstate__(self, state):
-        self._name = state["name"]
-        self._uuid = state["uuid"]
-        self._vector = state["vector"]
-        self._index = state["index"]
-        super().__init__(self._name)
-
 
 class ParameterVector:
     """ParameterVector class to quickly generate lists of parameters."""

qiskit/pulse/schedule.py

@@ -1969,8 +1969,7 @@ def _collect_scoped_parameters(
 
         if filter_regex and not re.search(filter_regex, new_name):
             continue
-        scoped_param = Parameter.__new__(Parameter, new_name, uuid=getattr(param, "_uuid"))
-        scoped_param.__init__(new_name)
+        scoped_param = Parameter(new_name, uuid=getattr(param, "_uuid"))
 
         unique_key = new_name, hash(param)
         parameters_out[unique_key] = scoped_param

qiskit/qpy/binary_io/value.py

@@ -192,9 +192,7 @@ def _read_parameter(file_obj):
     )
     param_uuid = uuid.UUID(bytes=data.uuid)
     name = file_obj.read(data.name_size).decode(common.ENCODE)
-    param = Parameter.__new__(Parameter, name, uuid=param_uuid)
-    param.__init__(name)
-    return param
+    return Parameter(name, uuid=param_uuid)
 
 
 def _read_parameter_vec(file_obj, vectors):
@@ -211,10 +209,7 @@ def _read_parameter_vec(file_obj, vectors):
     vector = vectors[name][0]
     if vector[data.index]._uuid != param_uuid:
         vectors[name][1].add(data.index)
-        vector._params[data.index] = ParameterVectorElement.__new__(
-            ParameterVectorElement, vector, data.index, uuid=param_uuid
-        )
-        vector._params[data.index].__init__(vector, data.index)
+        vector._params[data.index] = ParameterVectorElement(vector, data.index, uuid=param_uuid)
     return vector[data.index]
 
 

releasenotes/notes/fix-parameter-hash-d22c270090ffc80e.yaml

@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+---
+features:
+  - |
+    :class:`.Parameter` now has an advanced-usage keyword argument ``uuid`` in its constructor,
+    which can be used to make the :class:`.Parameter` compare equal to another of the same name.
+    This should not typically be used by users, and is most useful for custom serialisation and
+    deserialisation.
+fixes:
+  - |
+    The hash of a :class:`.Parameter` is now equal to the hashes of any
+    :class:`.ParameterExpression` that it compares equal to.  Previously the hashes were different,
+    which would cause spurious additional entries in hashmaps when :class:`.Parameter` and
+    :class:`.ParameterExpression` values were mixed in the same map.

test/python/circuit/test_parameters.py

@@ -824,6 +824,35 @@ def test_parameter_equality_through_serialization(self, ptype):
         self.assertNotEqual(x1, x2_p)
         self.assertNotEqual(x2, x1_p)
 
+    @data("single", "vector")
+    def test_parameter_equality_to_expression(self, ptype):
+        """Verify that parameters compare equal to `ParameterExpression`s that represent the same
+        thing."""
+
+        if ptype == "single":
+            x1 = Parameter("x")
+            x2 = Parameter("x")
+        else:
+            x1 = ParameterVector("x", 2)[0]
+            x2 = ParameterVector("x", 2)[0]
+
+        x1_expr = x1 + 0
+        # Smoke test: the test isn't valid if that above expression remains a `Parameter`; we need
+        # it to have upcast to `ParameterExpression`.
+        self.assertNotIsInstance(x1_expr, Parameter)
+        x2_expr = x2 + 0
+        self.assertNotIsInstance(x2_expr, Parameter)
+
+        self.assertEqual(x1, x1_expr)
+        self.assertEqual(x2, x2_expr)
+
+        self.assertNotEqual(x1, x2_expr)
+        self.assertNotEqual(x2, x1_expr)
+
+        # Since these two pairs of objects compared equal, they must have the same hash as well.
+        self.assertEqual(hash(x1), hash(x1_expr))
+        self.assertEqual(hash(x2), hash(x2_expr))
+
     def test_binding_parameterized_circuits_built_in_multiproc(self):
         """Verify subcircuits built in a subprocess can still be bound."""
         # ref: https://github.com/Qiskit/qiskit-terra/issues/2429