feat: implement checkpoint fraud proofs

[yorhodes]

Description

Implements 4 categories of checkpoint fraud proofs for use in future validator slashing protocol:

1. premature: if a checkpoint index is greater than the corresponding mailbox count, it is fraudulent
2. non local: if a checkpoint origin does not match the checkpoint's mailbox domain, it is fraudulent
3. message id: if a checkpoint message ID differs from the actual message ID (verified by merkle proof) at the checkpoint index, it is fraudulent
4. root: if a checkpoint root differs from the actual root (verified by merkle proof + root reconstruction) at the checkpoint index, it is fraudulent

Notably this is implemented independently from signature verification to allow for multiple checkpoint signing schemes to reuse the same checkpoint logic.

Related issues

• Touches Epic: road to AVS mainnet #3799
• See Implement checkpoint fraud proofs #2431 for previous discussions

Backward compatibility

Yes

Testing

Unit testing with fixtures in vectors/merkle.json that are generated by the rust merkle tree and proof code

[changeset-bot]

🦋 Changeset detected

Latest commit: d24ba38

The changes in this PR will be included in the next version bump.

This PR includes changesets to release 8 packages

Name	Type
@hyperlane-xyz/cli	Minor
@hyperlane-xyz/core	Minor
@hyperlane-xyz/helloworld	Minor
@hyperlane-xyz/sdk	Minor
@hyperlane-xyz/infra	Minor
@hyperlane-xyz/widgets	Minor
@hyperlane-xyz/ccip-server	Minor
@hyperlane-xyz/utils	Minor

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[codecov]

Codecov Report

All modified and coverable lines are covered by tests ✅

Project coverage is 0.00%. Comparing base (69fba68) to head (d24ba38).
Report is 14 commits behind head on main.

Additional details and impacted files

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Components	Coverage Δ
core	∅ <ø> (∅)
hooks	∅ <ø> (∅)
isms	∅ <ø> (∅)
token	∅ <ø> (∅)
middlewares	∅ <ø> (∅)

[ltyu]

mostly makes sense. i'll come back to this

[aroralanuk]

Looks good