Refactor recorder retryable_database_job decorator

[emontnemery]

Proposed change

Refactor recorder retryable_database_job decorator:

• Split up in separate decorators for functions and bound methods, instead of a method argument for the decorator
• Improve type annotations

The PR depends on - and currently includes commits from - #125301

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• Dependency upgrade
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• Breaking change (fix/feature causing existing functionality to break)
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• This PR fixes or closes issue: fixes #
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[home-assistant]

Hey there @home-assistant/core, mind taking a look at this pull request as it has been labeled with an integration (recorder) you are listed as a code owner for? Thanks!

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[cdce8p]

LGTM! Thanks @emontnemery 👍🏻

[cdce8p]

Suggested change

	recorder_pos = 1 if method else 0
	recorder_pos = int(method)

Not that I'd recommend it, but this would work as well.

[emontnemery]

Yeah, that's not an improvement.