Core: Improve `vformat` error reporting on `sprintf` failure #34032

Job	Run time
📊 Static checks / Code style, file formatting, and docs	1m 9s
🤖 Android / Editor (target=editor)	24m 29s
🏁 Windows / Editor (target=editor, tests=yes)	50m 45s
🍏 iOS / Template (target=template_release)	10m 25s
🏁 Windows / Template (target=template_release)	35m 20s
🐧 Linux / Editor w/ Mono (target=editor)	34m 9s
🐧 Linux / Editor with doubles and GCC sanitizers (target=editor, tests=yes, dev_build=yes, scu_build=yes, precision=double, use_asan=yes, use_ubsan=yes, linker=gold)	46m 41s
🐧 Linux / Editor with clang sanitizers (target=editor, tests=yes, dev_build=yes, use_asan=yes, use_ubsan=yes, use_llvm=yes, linker=lld)	35m 28s
🍎 macOS / Editor (target=editor, tests=yes)	29m 50s
🐧 Linux / Editor with ThreadSanitizer (target=editor, tests=yes, dev_build=yes, use_tsan=yes, use_llvm=yes, linker=lld)	28m 17s
🍎 macOS / Template (target=template_release)	16m 52s
🐧 Linux / Template w/ Mono (target=template_release)	20m 6s
🐧 Linux / Minimal template (target=template_release, everything disabled)	14m 11s
🌐 Web / Template w/ threads (target=template_release, threads=yes)	21m 37s
🤖 Android / Template arm32 (target=template_release, arch=arm32)	16m 38s
🌐 Web / Template w/o threads (target=template_release, threads=no)	21m 5s
🤖 Android / Template arm64 (target=template_release, arch=arm64)	17m 9s
🪲 Godot CPP / Build and test Godot CPP	7m 47s
	7h 11m 58s

Provide feedback