feat: cpu and store gas updates (#3054)

<!-- please provide a detailed description of the changes made in this
pull request. -->

## Summary:

This PR updates the CPU and Store gas based on results from the
benchmarking tool:#2241

For CPU gas, the measurement is in nanoseconds per opcode execution.
For storage gas, the measurement is in nanoseconds per byte for each
type of Gno store access.

## Changes: 

We moved the gas meter from the underlying store to the upper Gno store
to capture accurate resource consumption for VM transactions. At the
same time, we retain the original gas store and gas meter for the Auth
Keeper to handle regular blockchain transactions that do not necessarily
involve the VM.

We also updated the gas-wanted in the integration test to reflect actual
gas usage. This can serve as a flag to alert us to future changes that
might increase gas assumptions.

Additional reasons for these changes include:

- The Gno VM store processes additional complex encoding and decoding of
data structures, rather than simply reading and writing bytes to disk.
- For the above reason, we benchmarked gas for store access at the Gno
store level.
- We want to avoid consuming gas at two points for a single store access
during a VM transaction.
 
Here are the diagrams to explain the store access gas before and after
changes

#### Before:


![image](https://github.com/user-attachments/assets/7f1f7361-623d-4bdf-ba28-9b337da649fc)

#### After:

![image](https://github.com/user-attachments/assets/c5ce6e36-e2f7-4f10-bebf-4278f9d16e47)


<details><summary>Contributors' checklist...</summary>

- [x] Added new tests
- [ ] Provided an example (e.g. screenshot) to aid review or the PR is
self-explanatory
- [ ] Updated the official documentation or not needed
- [ ] No breaking changes were made, or a `BREAKING CHANGE: xxx` message
was included in the description
- [x] Added references to related issues and PRs
- [ ] Provided any useful hints for running manual tests
</details>

gno.land/cmd/gnoland/testdata/addpkg_namespace.txtar

@@ -14,70 +14,72 @@ gnoland start
 
 # Check if sys/users is disabled
 # gui call -> sys/users.IsEnable
-gnokey maketx call -pkgpath gno.land/r/sys/users -func IsEnabled -gas-fee 100000ugnot -gas-wanted 2000000 -broadcast -chainid tendermint_test gui
+gnokey maketx call -pkgpath gno.land/r/sys/users -func IsEnabled -gas-fee 100000ugnot -gas-wanted 200000 -broadcast -chainid tendermint_test gui
 stdout 'OK!'
 stdout 'false'
 
 # Gui should be able to addpkg on test1 addr
 # gui addpkg -> gno.land/r/<addr_test1>/mysuperpkg
-gnokey maketx addpkg -pkgdir $WORK -pkgpath gno.land/r/$USER_ADDR_test1/mysuperpkg -gas-fee 1000000ugnot -gas-wanted 100000000 -broadcast -chainid=tendermint_test gui
+gnokey maketx addpkg -pkgdir $WORK -pkgpath gno.land/r/$USER_ADDR_test1/mysuperpkg -gas-fee 1000000ugnot -gas-wanted 400000 -broadcast -chainid=tendermint_test gui
 stdout 'OK!'
 
 # Gui should be able to addpkg on random name
 # gui addpkg -> gno.land/r/randomname/mysuperpkg
-gnokey maketx addpkg -pkgdir $WORK -pkgpath gno.land/r/randomname/mysuperpkg -gas-fee 1000000ugnot -gas-wanted 100000000 -broadcast -chainid=tendermint_test gui
+gnokey maketx addpkg -pkgdir $WORK -pkgpath gno.land/r/randomname/mysuperpkg -gas-fee 1000000ugnot -gas-wanted 350000 -broadcast -chainid=tendermint_test gui
 stdout 'OK!'
 
 ## When `sys/users` is enabled
 
 # Enable `sys/users`
 # admin call -> sys/users.AdminEnable
-gnokey maketx call -pkgpath gno.land/r/sys/users -func AdminEnable -gas-fee 100000ugnot -gas-wanted 2000000 -broadcast -chainid tendermint_test admin
+gnokey maketx call -pkgpath gno.land/r/sys/users -func AdminEnable -gas-fee 100000ugnot -gas-wanted 1000000 -broadcast -chainid tendermint_test admin
 stdout 'OK!'
 
 # Check that `sys/users` has been enabled
 # gui call -> sys/users.IsEnable
-gnokey maketx call -pkgpath gno.land/r/sys/users -func IsEnabled -gas-fee 100000ugnot -gas-wanted 2000000 -broadcast -chainid tendermint_test gui
+gnokey maketx call -pkgpath gno.land/r/sys/users -func IsEnabled -gas-fee 100000ugnot -gas-wanted 200000 -broadcast -chainid tendermint_test gui
 stdout 'OK!'
 stdout 'true'
 
 # Try to add a pkg an with unregistered user
 # gui addpkg -> gno.land/r/<addr_test1>/one
-! gnokey maketx addpkg -pkgdir $WORK -pkgpath gno.land/r/$USER_ADDR_test1/one -gas-fee 1000000ugnot -gas-wanted 100000000 -broadcast -chainid=tendermint_test gui
+! gnokey maketx addpkg -pkgdir $WORK -pkgpath gno.land/r/$USER_ADDR_test1/one -gas-fee 1000000ugnot -gas-wanted 1000000 -broadcast -chainid=tendermint_test gui
 stderr 'unauthorized user'
 
 # Try to add a pkg with an unregistered user, on their own address as namespace
 # gui addpkg -> gno.land/r/<addr_gui>/one
-gnokey maketx addpkg -pkgdir $WORK -pkgpath gno.land/r/$USER_ADDR_gui/one -gas-fee 1000000ugnot -gas-wanted 100000000 -broadcast -chainid=tendermint_test gui
+gnokey maketx addpkg -pkgdir $WORK -pkgpath gno.land/r/$USER_ADDR_gui/one -gas-fee 1000000ugnot -gas-wanted 1000000 -broadcast -chainid=tendermint_test gui
 stdout 'OK!'
 
 ## Test unregistered namespace
 
 # Call addpkg with admin user on gui namespace
 # admin addpkg -> gno.land/r/guiland/one
-! gnokey maketx addpkg -pkgdir $WORK -pkgpath gno.land/r/guiland/one -gas-fee 1000000ugnot -gas-wanted 100000000 -broadcast -chainid=tendermint_test admin
+# This is expected to fail at the transaction simulation stage, which is why we set gas-wanted to 1.
+! gnokey maketx addpkg -pkgdir $WORK -pkgpath gno.land/r/guiland/one -gas-fee 1000000ugnot -gas-wanted 1 -broadcast -chainid=tendermint_test admin
 stderr 'unauthorized user'
 
 ## Test registered namespace
 
 # Test admin invites gui
 # admin call -> demo/users.Invite
-gnokey maketx call -pkgpath gno.land/r/demo/users -func Invite -gas-fee 1000000ugnot -gas-wanted 2000000 -broadcast -chainid=tendermint_test -args $USER_ADDR_gui admin
+gnokey maketx call -pkgpath gno.land/r/demo/users -func Invite -gas-fee 1000000ugnot -gas-wanted 2500000 -broadcast -chainid=tendermint_test -args $USER_ADDR_gui admin
 stdout 'OK!'
 
 # test gui register namespace
 # gui call -> demo/users.Register
-gnokey maketx call -pkgpath gno.land/r/demo/users -func Register -gas-fee 1000000ugnot -gas-wanted 2000000 -broadcast -chainid=tendermint_test -args $USER_ADDR_admin -args 'guiland' -args 'im gui' gui
+gnokey maketx call -pkgpath gno.land/r/demo/users -func Register -gas-fee 1000000ugnot -gas-wanted 2500000 -broadcast -chainid=tendermint_test -args $USER_ADDR_admin -args 'guiland' -args 'im gui' gui
 stdout 'OK!'
 
 # Test gui publishing on guiland/one
 # gui addpkg -> gno.land/r/guiland/one
-gnokey maketx addpkg -pkgdir $WORK -pkgpath gno.land/r/guiland/one -gas-fee 1000000ugnot -gas-wanted 100000000 -broadcast -chainid=tendermint_test gui
+gnokey maketx addpkg -pkgdir $WORK -pkgpath gno.land/r/guiland/one -gas-fee 1000000ugnot -gas-wanted 1700000 -broadcast -chainid=tendermint_test gui
 stdout 'OK!'
 
 # Test admin publishing on guiland/two
 # admin addpkg -> gno.land/r/guiland/two
-! gnokey maketx addpkg -pkgdir $WORK -pkgpath gno.land/r/guiland/two -gas-fee 1000000ugnot -gas-wanted 100000000 -broadcast -chainid=tendermint_test admin
+# This is expected to fail at the transaction simulation stage, which is why we set gas-wanted to 1.
+! gnokey maketx addpkg -pkgdir $WORK -pkgpath gno.land/r/guiland/two -gas-fee 1000000ugnot -gas-wanted 1 -broadcast -chainid=tendermint_test admin
 stderr 'unauthorized user'
 
 -- one.gno --

gno.land/cmd/gnoland/testdata/append.txtar

@@ -3,69 +3,69 @@ loadpkg gno.land/p/demo/ufmt
 # start a new node
 gnoland start
 
-gnokey maketx addpkg -pkgdir $WORK -pkgpath gno.land/r/append -gas-fee 1000000ugnot -gas-wanted 4000000 -broadcast -chainid=tendermint_test test1
+gnokey maketx addpkg -pkgdir $WORK -pkgpath gno.land/r/append -gas-fee 1000000ugnot -gas-wanted 9000000 -broadcast -chainid=tendermint_test test1
 stdout OK!
 
 # Call Append 1
-gnokey maketx call -pkgpath gno.land/r/append -func Append -gas-fee 1000000ugnot -gas-wanted 4000000 -args '1' -broadcast -chainid=tendermint_test test1
+gnokey maketx call -pkgpath gno.land/r/append -func Append -gas-fee 1000000ugnot -gas-wanted 300000 -args '1' -broadcast -chainid=tendermint_test test1
 stdout OK!
 
-gnokey maketx call -pkgpath gno.land/r/append -func AppendNil -gas-fee 1000000ugnot -gas-wanted 4000000 -broadcast -chainid=tendermint_test test1
+gnokey maketx call -pkgpath gno.land/r/append -func AppendNil -gas-fee 1000000ugnot -gas-wanted 300000 -broadcast -chainid=tendermint_test test1
 stdout OK!
 
 # Call Append 2
-gnokey maketx call -pkgpath gno.land/r/append -func Append -gas-fee 1000000ugnot -gas-wanted 4000000 -args '2' -broadcast -chainid=tendermint_test test1
+gnokey maketx call -pkgpath gno.land/r/append -func Append -gas-fee 1000000ugnot -gas-wanted 300000 -args '2' -broadcast -chainid=tendermint_test test1
 stdout OK!
 
 # Call Append 3
-gnokey maketx call -pkgpath gno.land/r/append -func Append -gas-fee 1000000ugnot -gas-wanted 4000000 -args '3' -broadcast -chainid=tendermint_test test1
+gnokey maketx call -pkgpath gno.land/r/append -func Append -gas-fee 1000000ugnot -gas-wanted 300000 -args '3' -broadcast -chainid=tendermint_test test1
 stdout OK!
 
 # Call render
-gnokey maketx call -pkgpath gno.land/r/append -func Render -gas-fee 1000000ugnot -gas-wanted 4000000 -args '' -broadcast -chainid=tendermint_test test1
+gnokey maketx call -pkgpath gno.land/r/append -func Render -gas-fee 1000000ugnot -gas-wanted 1500000 -args '' -broadcast -chainid=tendermint_test test1
 stdout '("1-2-3-" string)'
 stdout OK!
 
 # Call Pop
-gnokey maketx call -pkgpath gno.land/r/append -func Pop -gas-fee 1000000ugnot -gas-wanted 4000000 -broadcast -chainid=tendermint_test test1
+gnokey maketx call -pkgpath gno.land/r/append -func Pop -gas-fee 1000000ugnot -gas-wanted 300000 -broadcast -chainid=tendermint_test test1
 stdout OK!
 
 # Call render
-gnokey maketx call -pkgpath gno.land/r/append -func Render -gas-fee 1000000ugnot -gas-wanted 4000000 -args '' -broadcast -chainid=tendermint_test test1
+gnokey maketx call -pkgpath gno.land/r/append -func Render -gas-fee 1000000ugnot -gas-wanted 1500000 -args '' -broadcast -chainid=tendermint_test test1
 stdout '("2-3-" string)'
 stdout OK!
 
 # Call Append 42
-gnokey maketx call -pkgpath gno.land/r/append -func Append -gas-fee 1000000ugnot -gas-wanted 4000000 -args '42' -broadcast -chainid=tendermint_test test1
+gnokey maketx call -pkgpath gno.land/r/append -func Append -gas-fee 1000000ugnot -gas-wanted 300000 -args '42' -broadcast -chainid=tendermint_test test1
 stdout OK!
 
 # Call render
-gnokey maketx call -pkgpath gno.land/r/append -func Render -gas-fee 1000000ugnot -gas-wanted 4000000 -args '' -broadcast -chainid=tendermint_test test1
+gnokey maketx call -pkgpath gno.land/r/append -func Render -gas-fee 1000000ugnot -gas-wanted 1500000 -args '' -broadcast -chainid=tendermint_test test1
 stdout '("2-3-42-" string)'
 stdout OK!
 
-gnokey maketx call -pkgpath gno.land/r/append -func CopyAppend -gas-fee 1000000ugnot -gas-wanted 4000000 -broadcast -chainid=tendermint_test test1
+gnokey maketx call -pkgpath gno.land/r/append -func CopyAppend -gas-fee 1000000ugnot -gas-wanted 300000 -broadcast -chainid=tendermint_test test1
 stdout OK!
 
-gnokey maketx call -pkgpath gno.land/r/append -func PopB -gas-fee 1000000ugnot -gas-wanted 4000000 -broadcast -chainid=tendermint_test test1
+gnokey maketx call -pkgpath gno.land/r/append -func PopB -gas-fee 1000000ugnot -gas-wanted 350000 -broadcast -chainid=tendermint_test test1
 stdout OK!
 
 # Call render
-gnokey maketx call -pkgpath gno.land/r/append -func Render -gas-fee 1000000ugnot -gas-wanted 4000000 -args '' -broadcast -chainid=tendermint_test test1
+gnokey maketx call -pkgpath gno.land/r/append -func Render -gas-fee 1000000ugnot -gas-wanted 1500000 -args '' -broadcast -chainid=tendermint_test test1
 stdout '("2-3-42-" string)'
 stdout OK!
 
-gnokey maketx call -pkgpath gno.land/r/append -func AppendMoreAndC -gas-fee 1000000ugnot -gas-wanted 4000000 -broadcast -chainid=tendermint_test test1
+gnokey maketx call -pkgpath gno.land/r/append -func AppendMoreAndC -gas-fee 1000000ugnot -gas-wanted 350000 -broadcast -chainid=tendermint_test test1
 stdout OK!
 
-gnokey maketx call -pkgpath gno.land/r/append -func ReassignC -gas-fee 1000000ugnot -gas-wanted 4000000 -broadcast -chainid=tendermint_test test1
+gnokey maketx call -pkgpath gno.land/r/append -func ReassignC -gas-fee 1000000ugnot -gas-wanted 350000 -broadcast -chainid=tendermint_test test1
 stdout OK!
 
-gnokey maketx call -pkgpath gno.land/r/append -func Render -gas-fee 1000000ugnot -gas-wanted 4000000 -args '' -broadcast -chainid=tendermint_test test1
+gnokey maketx call -pkgpath gno.land/r/append -func Render -gas-fee 1000000ugnot -gas-wanted 1500000 -args '' -broadcast -chainid=tendermint_test test1
 stdout '("2-3-42-70-100-" string)'
 stdout OK!
 
-gnokey maketx call -pkgpath gno.land/r/append -func Render -gas-fee 1000000ugnot -gas-wanted 4000000 -args 'd' -broadcast -chainid=tendermint_test test1
+gnokey maketx call -pkgpath gno.land/r/append -func Render -gas-fee 1000000ugnot -gas-wanted 1500000 -args 'd' -broadcast -chainid=tendermint_test test1
 stdout '("1-" string)'
 stdout OK!
 

gno.land/cmd/gnoland/testdata/assertorigincall.txtar

@@ -31,29 +31,31 @@ loadpkg gno.land/r/foo $WORK/r/foo
 loadpkg gno.land/p/demo/bar $WORK/p/demo/bar
 gnoland start
 
+# The PANIC is expected to fail at the transaction simulation stage, which is why we set gas-wanted to 1.
+
 # Test cases
 ## 1. MsgCall -> myrlm.A: PANIC
-! gnokey maketx call -pkgpath gno.land/r/myrlm -func A -gas-fee 100000ugnot -gas-wanted 5000000 -broadcast -chainid tendermint_test test1
+! gnokey maketx call -pkgpath gno.land/r/myrlm -func A -gas-fee 100000ugnot -gas-wanted 1 -broadcast -chainid tendermint_test test1
 stderr 'invalid non-origin call'
 
 ## 2. MsgCall -> myrlm.B: PASS
-gnokey maketx call -pkgpath gno.land/r/myrlm -func B -gas-fee 100000ugnot -gas-wanted 5000000 -broadcast -chainid tendermint_test test1
+gnokey maketx call -pkgpath gno.land/r/myrlm -func B -gas-fee 100000ugnot -gas-wanted 150000 -broadcast -chainid tendermint_test test1
 stdout 'OK!'
 
 ## 3. MsgCall -> myrlm.C: PASS
-gnokey maketx call -pkgpath gno.land/r/myrlm -func C -gas-fee 100000ugnot -gas-wanted 5000000 -broadcast -chainid tendermint_test test1
+gnokey maketx call -pkgpath gno.land/r/myrlm -func C -gas-fee 100000ugnot -gas-wanted 700000 -broadcast -chainid tendermint_test test1
 stdout 'OK!'
 
 ## 4. MsgCall -> r/foo.A -> myrlm.A: PANIC
-! gnokey maketx call -pkgpath gno.land/r/foo -func A -gas-fee 100000ugnot -gas-wanted 5000000 -broadcast -chainid tendermint_test test1
+! gnokey maketx call -pkgpath gno.land/r/foo -func A -gas-fee 100000ugnot -gas-wanted 1 -broadcast -chainid tendermint_test test1
 stderr 'invalid non-origin call'
 
 ## 5. MsgCall -> r/foo.B -> myrlm.B: PASS
-gnokey maketx call -pkgpath gno.land/r/foo -func B -gas-fee 100000ugnot -gas-wanted 5000000 -broadcast -chainid tendermint_test test1
+gnokey maketx call -pkgpath gno.land/r/foo -func B -gas-fee 100000ugnot -gas-wanted 200000 -broadcast -chainid tendermint_test test1
 stdout 'OK!'
 
 ## 6. MsgCall -> r/foo.C -> myrlm.C: PANIC
-! gnokey maketx call -pkgpath gno.land/r/foo -func C -gas-fee 100000ugnot -gas-wanted 5000000 -broadcast -chainid tendermint_test test1
+! gnokey maketx call -pkgpath gno.land/r/foo -func C -gas-fee 100000ugnot -gas-wanted 10000000 -broadcast -chainid tendermint_test test1
 stderr 'invalid non-origin call'
 
 ## remove due to update to maketx call can only call realm (case 7,8,9)
@@ -70,48 +72,48 @@ stderr 'invalid non-origin call'
 ## stderr 'invalid non-origin call'
 
 ## 10. MsgRun -> run.main -> myrlm.A: PANIC
-! gnokey maketx run -gas-fee 100000ugnot -gas-wanted 5000000 -broadcast -chainid tendermint_test test1 $WORK/run/myrlmA.gno
+! gnokey maketx run -gas-fee 100000ugnot -gas-wanted 5500000 -broadcast -chainid tendermint_test test1 $WORK/run/myrlmA.gno
 stderr 'invalid non-origin call'
 
 ## 11. MsgRun -> run.main -> myrlm.B: PASS
-gnokey maketx run -gas-fee 100000ugnot -gas-wanted 5000000 -broadcast -chainid tendermint_test test1 $WORK/run/myrlmB.gno
+gnokey maketx run -gas-fee 100000ugnot -gas-wanted 10000000 -broadcast -chainid tendermint_test test1 $WORK/run/myrlmB.gno
 stdout 'OK!'
 
 ## 12. MsgRun -> run.main -> myrlm.C: PANIC
-! gnokey maketx run -gas-fee 100000ugnot -gas-wanted 5000000 -broadcast -chainid tendermint_test test1 $WORK/run/myrlmC.gno
+! gnokey maketx run -gas-fee 100000ugnot -gas-wanted 5500000 -broadcast -chainid tendermint_test test1 $WORK/run/myrlmC.gno
 stderr 'invalid non-origin call'
 
 ## 13. MsgRun -> run.main -> foo.A: PANIC
-! gnokey maketx run -gas-fee 100000ugnot -gas-wanted 5000000 -broadcast -chainid tendermint_test test1 $WORK/run/fooA.gno
+! gnokey maketx run -gas-fee 100000ugnot -gas-wanted 5500000 -broadcast -chainid tendermint_test test1 $WORK/run/fooA.gno
 stderr 'invalid non-origin call'
 
 ## 14. MsgRun -> run.main -> foo.B: PASS
-gnokey maketx run -gas-fee 100000ugnot -gas-wanted 5000000 -broadcast -chainid tendermint_test test1 $WORK/run/fooB.gno
+gnokey maketx run -gas-fee 100000ugnot -gas-wanted 10000000 -broadcast -chainid tendermint_test test1 $WORK/run/fooB.gno
 stdout 'OK!'
 
 ## 15. MsgRun -> run.main -> foo.C: PANIC
-! gnokey maketx run -gas-fee 100000ugnot -gas-wanted 5000000 -broadcast -chainid tendermint_test test1 $WORK/run/fooC.gno
+! gnokey maketx run -gas-fee 100000ugnot -gas-wanted 5500000 -broadcast -chainid tendermint_test test1 $WORK/run/fooC.gno
 stderr 'invalid non-origin call'
 
 ## 16. MsgRun -> run.main -> bar.A: PANIC
-! gnokey maketx run -gas-fee 100000ugnot -gas-wanted 5000000 -broadcast -chainid tendermint_test test1 $WORK/run/barA.gno
+! gnokey maketx run -gas-fee 100000ugnot -gas-wanted 5500000 -broadcast -chainid tendermint_test test1 $WORK/run/barA.gno
 stderr 'invalid non-origin call'
 
 ## 17. MsgRun -> run.main -> bar.B: PASS
-gnokey maketx run -gas-fee 100000ugnot -gas-wanted 5000000 -broadcast -chainid tendermint_test test1 $WORK/run/barB.gno
+gnokey maketx run -gas-fee 100000ugnot -gas-wanted 10000000 -broadcast -chainid tendermint_test test1 $WORK/run/barB.gno
 stdout 'OK!'
 
 ## 18. MsgRun -> run.main -> bar.C: PANIC
-! gnokey maketx run -gas-fee 100000ugnot -gas-wanted 5000000 -broadcast -chainid tendermint_test test1 $WORK/run/barC.gno
+! gnokey maketx run -gas-fee 100000ugnot -gas-wanted 5500000 -broadcast -chainid tendermint_test test1 $WORK/run/barC.gno
 stderr 'invalid non-origin call'
 
 ## remove testcase 19 due to maketx call forced to call a realm
 ## 19. MsgCall -> std.AssertOriginCall: pass
-## gnokey maketx call -pkgpath std -func AssertOriginCall -gas-fee 100000ugnot -gas-wanted 5000000 -broadcast -chainid tendermint_test test1
+## gnokey maketx call -pkgpath std -func AssertOriginCall -gas-fee 100000ugnot -gas-wanted 10000000 -broadcast -chainid tendermint_test test1
 ## stdout 'OK!'
 
 ## 20. MsgRun -> std.AssertOriginCall: PANIC
-! gnokey maketx run -gas-fee 100000ugnot -gas-wanted 5000000 -broadcast -chainid tendermint_test test1 $WORK/run/baz.gno
+! gnokey maketx run -gas-fee 100000ugnot -gas-wanted 10000000 -broadcast -chainid tendermint_test test1 $WORK/run/baz.gno
 stderr 'invalid non-origin call'