Use Ubuntu 24.04 in Github Actions CI workflow

[azeey]

This also enables codecov and linters.

Note to maintainers: Remember to use Squash-Merge and edit the commit message to match the pull request summary while retaining Signed-off-by messages.

[scpeters]

I've attempted to test this branch against gazebosim/gz-cmake#436 in #428. The workflow passes, although there still seems like a problem with the codecov upload

[scpeters]

I've merged gazebosim/gz-cmake#436 and am rebuilding the nightly debs

[scpeters]

I reran the workflow, and it passes, but codecov fails to upload with the following error:

{'detail': ErrorDetail(string='Missing "owner" argument. Please upload with the Codecov repository upload token to resolve issue.', code='not_found')}

also, merging gazebosim/gz-cmake#436 broke the Ionic workflows that are still using Jammy for coverage (see gazebosim/gz-utils#133)

[scpeters]

also, merging gazebosim/gz-cmake#436 broke the Ionic workflows that are still using Jammy for coverage (see gazebosim/gz-utils#133)

reverted in gazebosim/gz-cmake#441

[azeey]

I've disabled codecov for now in 8933a58. It looks like we never enabled it for Harmonic either.

[scpeters]

most of the other packages have added Noble CI alongside Jammy. Should we be disabling that?

[azeey]

Since we don't have codecov working in Noble, perhaps we should leave Jammy in for now. Otherwise, I don't think there's a need to keep Jammy.

[azeey]

Added jammy back in 85e4178 with codecov enabled.