The datetime concept

concepts/datetime/.meta/config.json

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+{
+  "blurb": "Handling dates and imes in software is a surprisingly complex challenge. Python supplies a variety of classes to cover most use case.",
+  "authors": ["BethanyG", "colinleach"],
+  "contributors": []
+}

concepts/datetime/about.md

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+# About
+
+_"Dates and times are something we teach to young children. How hard can it be?"_
+
+Many programmers have made that mistake, and the subsequent experience tends to be negative to their health and happiness. 
+
+Anyone doing non-trivial programming with dates and times should at least be prepared to understand and mitigate potential problems.
+
+## The `datetime` module
+
+In python, a wide range of date and time functionality is collected in the [`datetime`][datetime] module.
+This can be supplemented by other libraries, but `datetime` is central and often sufficient.
+
+There are five major classes within `datetime`:
+ - `datetime.date` for simple dates
+ - `datetime.time` for simple times
+ - `datetime.datetime` combines date, time and optionally timezone information
+ - `datetime.timedelta` for intervals
+ - `datetime.timezone` to handle the reality that few people use UTC
+
+ ___Notation detail:___ A `datetime.time` or `datetime.datetime` object that includes timezone information is said to be _aware_, otherwise it is _naive_.
+ A `datetime.date` object is always naive.
+
+As `datetime` is a large module with many methods and attributes, only some of the most common will be discussed here.
+
+You are encouraged to explore the [full documentation][datetime].
+Dates and times are complex but important, so the Python developers have put many years of effort into trying to support most use cases.
+
+Perhaps the most frequent needs are:
+
+- Parse some appropriate input format to construct a `datetime` object.
+This often uses [`strptime()`][strptime-strftime].
+- Get the required numerical or string format from a `datetime` object.
+String output often uses [`strftime()`][strptime-strftime].
+- Apply an offset to a `date`, `time` or `datetime` to create a new object (of the same type).
+- Calculate the interval between two such objects.
+- Get the current date and/or time.
+This will be obtained from the host computer and converted to a Python object.
+
+
+### Date and time formats
+
+There are many ways to write dates and times, which tend to be culturally-specific.
+All-number dates such as "7/6/23" are ambiguous, confusing, and have led to many expensive mistakes in multinational organizations.
+
+The international standard is defined in [`ISO 8601`][ISO8601], with two main advantages:
+- Parsing is quick and unambiguous.
+- Sorting is easy, as the datetime can be treated as text.
+
+An example:
+
+```python
+>>> from datetime import datetime
+>>> datetime.now(timezone.utc).isoformat()
+'2023-12-04T17:54:13.014513+00:00'
+```
+
+This is built up from various parts, with only the date fields required:
+- `YYYY-MM-DD`
+- Optionally, `Thh:mm:ss`
+- Optionally, microseconds after the decimal point.
+- Optionally, timezone offset from UTC with a sign and `hh:mm` value.
+
+Internally, `date`, `time` and `datetime` are stored as Python objects with separate attributes for year, month, etc.
+Examples of this will be shown below, when each class is discussed.
+
+Most computer operating systems use POSIX timestamps: the number of seconds since `1970-01-01T00:00:00+00.00`. 
+The `datetime` module makes it easy to import these.
+
+For code which interacts mainly with computers rather than humans, it may be worth investigating the separate [`time`][time] module, which provides more complete support for POSIX timestamps.
+
+## The [`datetime.date`][datetime-date] class
+
+[`datetime.date`][datetime-date] is a relatively small and simple date-only class, with no understanding of times or timezones.
+
+```python
+>>> from datetime import date
+>>> date.today()
+datetime.date(2023, 12, 4)
+>>> date.today().isoformat()
+'2023-12-04'
+```
+
+The default display has the same `date(year, month, day)` syntax as the default constructor.
+A `date` object can also be created from an ISO 8601 date string or a POSIX timestamp.
+
+```python
+>>> date(1969, 7, 20)
+datetime.date(1969, 7, 20)
+
+>>> date.fromisoformat('1969-07-20')
+datetime.date(1969, 7, 20)
+
+>>> date.fromisoformat('1969-07-20') == date(1969, 7, 20)
+True
+```
+
+Individual parts of the date can be accessed as instance attributes:
+
+```python
+>>> date.today().month  # in December
+12
+```
+
+There are a number of other methods, mostly related to output formats.
+See the [class documentation][datetime-date] for details.
+
+`datetime.date` is designed to be fairly minimalist, to keep simple applications simple.
+
+If your application is ever likely to need times or timezones, it may be better to use `datetime.datetime` from the start.
+
+For more complex date-only applications, compare `datetime.date` with [`calendar`][calendar] and decide which better fits your needs.
+
+## The [`datetime.time`][datetime-time] class
+
+`datetime.time` is the basic time-only class.
+It has no understanding of dates: times automatically roll over to `time(0, 0, 0)` at midnight.
+
+Timezone information can optionally be included.
+
+The full constructor format is `timezone.time(hour, min, sec, microsec, timezone)`.
+
+All the parameters are optional: numerical values will default to `0`, timezone to `None`.
+
+```python
+>>> from datetime import time
+>>> time()
+datetime.time(0, 0)
+>>> time(14, 30, 23)
+datetime.time(14, 30, 23)
+```
+
+Starting from an ISO 8601 format may be more readable in some cases:
+
+```python
+>>> time.fromisoformat('15:17:01-07:00')  # mid-afternoon in Arizona
+datetime.time(15, 17, 1, tzinfo=datetime.timezone(datetime.timedelta(days=-1, seconds=61200)))
+```
+
+Timezones will be discussed in more detail below.
+
+Arithmetic is not possible with `datetime.time` objects, but they do support comparisons.
+
+```python
+>>> time1 = time(14, 45)
+>>> time2 = time(16, 21, 30)
+>>> time1 > time2
+False
+```
+
+As with `date`, individual parts are available as instance attributes:
+
+```python
+>>> time(16, 21, 30).hour
+16
+```
+
+For other methods and properties, see the [class documentation][datetime-time].
+Much of it relates to working with timezones.
+
+## The [`datetime.datetime`][datetime-datetime] class
+
+`datetime.datetime` combines most of the features of the `date` and `time` classes and adds some extras.
+
+It is the most versatile of these three classes, at the cost of some additional complexity.
+
+```python
+>>> from datetime import datetime
+
+>>> datetime.now()
+datetime.datetime(2023, 12, 4, 15, 45, 50, 66178)
+
+>>> datetime.now().isoformat()
+'2023-12-04T15:46:30.311480'
+```
+
+As with `date`, the default constructor has the same syntax as the default display.
+
+The year, month and day parameters are required. Time parameters default to `0`. Timezone defaults to `None`, as in the example above.
+
+Keeping all these parameters straight can be a challenge, so the ISO format may be preferable:
+
+```python
+>>> datetime.fromisoformat('2023-12-04T15:53+05:30')  # Delhi time
+datetime.datetime(2023, 12, 4, 15, 53, tzinfo=datetime.timezone(datetime.timedelta(seconds=19800)))
+```
+
+Much of the functionality in `datetime.datetime` will be familar from `date` and time.
+
+One addition that may be useful is `combine(date, time)` which constructs a `datetime` instance from a `date` and a `time` instance (and optionally a timezone).
+
+```python
+>>> today = date.today()
+>>> current_time = time(4, 5)
+
+>>> datetime.combine(today, current_time)
+datetime.datetime(2023, 12, 4, 4, 5)
+
+>>> datetime.combine(today, current_time).isoformat()
+'2023-12-04T04:05:00'
+```
+
+For other methods and properties, see the [class documentation][datetime-time].
+Much of it relates to working with timezones.
+
+## The [`datetime.timedelta`][datetime-timedelta] class
+
+A `timedelta` is an interval of time, the difference between two `datetime` instances.
+
+Be careful with the constructor.
+The parameters are in an order you may not expect:
+
+`datetime.timedelta(days=0, seconds=0, microseconds=0, milliseconds=0, minutes=0, hours=0, weeks=0)`
+
+Thus, it is generally safer to treat these as keyword rather than positional parameters:
+
+```python
+>>> from datetime import timedelta
+>>> timedelta(weeks=3, hours=5)
+datetime.timedelta(days=21, seconds=18000)
+```
+
+This illustrates the reason for the strange sequence: only days, seconds and microseconds are stored internally. 
+Other parameters are provided as a convenience for the programmer, but will be converted.
+
+Similarly, floating-point input values will be converted to integer days, seconds and microseconds.
+
+With a `datetime` and a `timedelta` it is possible to add and subtract them:
+
+```python
+>>> now = datetime.now()
+>>> now.isoformat()
+'2023-12-04T16:24:07.242274'
+
+>>> later = now + timedelta(hours = 2.5)  # 2.5 hours later
+>>> later.isoformat()
+'2023-12-04T18:54:07.242274'
+```
+
+Alternatively, substract one `datetime` from another to get the `timedelta`:
+
+```python
+>>> dt1 = datetime.fromisoformat('2023-12-04T16:45')
+>>> dt2 = datetime.fromisoformat('2023-07-23T09:16')
+
+>>> dt1 - dt2
+datetime.timedelta(days=134, seconds=26940)
+
+>>> str(dt2 - dt1) # formatted string output
+'-135 days, 16:31:00'
+```
+
+Other arithmetic operations are supported, including:
+- Multiplying or dividing a `timedelta` by and `int` or `float`
+- Dividing one `timedelta` by another to get a `float`
+- Integer division (with `//`) and modulus (with `%`) with two `timedelta` instances.
+
+See the [class documentation][datetime-timedelta] for details.
+
+
+## The [`datetime.tzinfo`][datetime-tzinfo] class and its sub-classes
+
+Dealing with timezones can be challanging.
+Quoting the Python documentation:
+
+_"The rules for time adjustment across the world are more political than rational, change frequently, and there is no standard suitable for every application aside from UTC."_
+
+Python provides various libraries to help deal with this situation.
+A brief summary is given below, but anyone wishing to write reliable timezone-aware software cannot avoid reading the full documentation.
+
+The [`datetime.tzinfo`][datetime-tzinfo] class is an [`abstract base class`][ABC].
+ABCs are a relatively advanced topic, but the essential point is that `tzinfo` cannot be instantiated directly.
+
+Instead, this ABC provides a starting point for timezone-related subclasses to derive from.
+
+[`datetime.timezone`][datetime-timezone] is a simple, concrete subclass for situations with a fixed offset from UTC.
+A limitation of `timezone` is that it has no understanding of Daylight Savings Time (DST) adjustments, it just stores a constant `timedelta` in seconds.
+
+```python
+>>> datetime.fromisoformat('2023-12-04T15:53+03:00')
+datetime.datetime(2023, 12, 4, 15, 53, tzinfo=datetime.timezone(datetime.timedelta(seconds=10800)))
+```
+
+[`zoneinfo.ZoneInfo`][zoneinfo] is a more sophisticated subclass, available in the standard library though not part of `datetime`.
+By linking to the [`tzdata`][tzdata] database, `ZoneInfo` understands DST issues worldwide.
+Multiple updates per year try, as far as possible, to remain up to date with unexpected changes. 
+
+`ZoneInfo`, via `tzdata`, has access to the [`IANA`][IANA] timezone database, and so can work with timezone names in a `region/city` format.
+The full list of [`tznames`][IANA-names] also includes many shorter aliases.
+
+```python
+>>> from zoneinfo import ZoneInfo
+
+>>> dt = datetime(2020, 10, 31, 12, tzinfo=ZoneInfo("Europe/Helsinki"))
+>>> print(dt)
+2020-10-31 12:00:00+02:00  # 2h ahead of UTC
+>>> dt.tzname()
+'EET'  # Eastern European Time
+
+>>> dt_subtract = dt - timedelta(days=7) # previous week
+>>> print(dt_subtract)
+2023-10-24 12:00:00+03:00  # now 3h ahead of UTC
+>>> dt_subtract.tzname()
+'EEST'  # Eastern European Summer Time
+```
+
+## The [`strptime()` and `strftime()`][strptime-strftime] methods
+
+The `datetime.datetime` class supports a complementary pair of methods:
+- `strptime()` parses a string representation to a `datetime` object.
+- `strftime()` outputs a string representation of a `datetime` object.
+
+Only `strftime()` is available in `datetime.date` and `datetime.time`.
+
+A wide variety of format codes is available.
+Some of the common ones are shown in the examples below, but see the [official documentation][strptime-strftime] for the full list.
+These format codes are copied directly from C, and may be familiar to programmers who have worked in other languages.
+
+```python
+>>> date_string = '14/10/23 23:59:59.999999'
+>>> format_string = '%d/%m/%y %H:%M:%S.%f'
+>>> dt = datetime.strptime(date_string, format_string)
+>>> dt
+datetime.datetime(2023, 10, 14, 23, 59, 59, 999999)
+
+>>> dt.strftime('%a %d %b %Y, %I:%M%p')
+'Sat 14 Oct 2023, 11:59PM'
+```
+
+## Related modules
+
+This Concept has concentrated on the [`datetime`][datetime] module.
+
+Python has other modules which work with dates and times.
+
+### The [`time`][time] module
+Optimized for working with computer timestanps, for example in software logs.
+
+Not to be confused with `datetime.time`, a completely separate class.
+
+### The [`calendar`][calendar] module
+An alternative to `datetime.date`, `calendar` is more sophisticated in dealing with dates across a wide span of historical and future time.
+
+It also has CSS methods to halp with displaying calendars.
+
+
+### The [`zoneinfo`][zoneinfo] module
+Mainly consisting of the `ZoneInfo` class, a subclass of `datetime.tzinfo` which supports the [IANA database][IANA] and automatic DST adjustments.
+
+
+
+[ISO8601]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_8601
+[datetime]: https://docs.python.org/3/library/datetime.html
+[datetime-date]: https://docs.python.org/3/library/datetime.html#date-objects
+[datetime-time]: https://docs.python.org/3/library/datetime.html#time-objects
+[datetime-datetime]: https://docs.python.org/3/library/datetime.html#datetime-objects
+[datetime-timedelta]: https://docs.python.org/3/library/datetime.html#timedelta-objects
+[datetime-tzinfo]: https://docs.python.org/3/library/datetime.html#tzinfo-objects
+[datetime-timezone]: https://docs.python.org/3/library/datetime.html#timezone-objects
+[strptime-strftime]: https://docs.python.org/3/library/datetime.html#strftime-and-strptime-behavior
+[time]: https://docs.python.org/3/library/time.html
+[calendar]: https://docs.python.org/3/library/calendar.html
+[ABC]: https://docs.python.org/3/library/abc.html
+[zoneinfo]: https://docs.python.org/3/library/zoneinfo.html
+[tzdata]: https://peps.python.org/pep-0615/
+[IANA]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tz_database
+[IANA-names]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_tz_database_time_zones
+
+

concepts/datetime/introduction.md

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+#TODO:  Add introduction for this concept.

concepts/datetime/links.json

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+[
+  {
+    "url": "https://docs.python.org/3/library/datetime.html/",
+    "description": "The datetime module, containing date, time, datetime, timeddelta and tzinfo classes."
+  },
+  {
+    "url": "https://docs.python.org/3/library/time.html/",
+    "description": "The time module, optimized for working with POSIX timestamps."
+  },
+  {
+    "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tz_database/",
+    "description": "A summary of information of timezone datebases."
+  },
+  {
+    "url": "https://docs.python.org/3/library/calendar.html/",
+    "description": "The calendar module, for more complex date-only applications."
+  }
+]