Add authors and contributors to Practice Exercises (#1433)

For each Practice Exercise, we've looked at the commit history of its files to see which commits touched that Practice Exercise.

Each commit that we could associate with a Practice Exercise was used to determine authorship/contributorship.

### Authors

1. Find the Git commit author of the oldest commit linked to that Practice Exercise
2. Find the GitHub username for the Git commit author of that commit
3. Add the GitHub username of the Git commit author to the `authors` key in the `.meta/config.json` file

### Contributors

1. Find the Git commit authors and any co-authors of all but the oldest commit linked to that Practice Exercise. If there is only one commit, there won't be any contributors.
1. Exclude the Git commit author and any co-authors of the oldest commit from the list of Git commit authors (an author is _not_ also a contributor)
2. Find the GitHub usernames for the Git commit authors and any co-authors of those commits
3. Add the GitHub usernames of the Git commit authors and any co-authors to the `contributor` key in the `.meta/config.json` file

We used the GitHub GraphQL API to find the username of a commit author or any co-authors. In some cases though, a username cannot be found for a commit (e.g. due to the user account no longer existing), in which case the commit was skipped.

## Renames

There are a small number of Practice Exercises that might have been renamed at some point. You can ask Git to "follow" a file over its renames using `git log --follow <file>`, which will also return commits made before renames. Unfortunately, Git does not store renames, it just stores the contents of the renamed files and tries to guess if a file was renamed by looking at its contents. This _can_ (and will) lead to false positives, where Git will think a file has been renamed whereas it hasn't. As we don't want to have incorrect authors/contributors for exercises, we're ignoring renames. The only exception to this are known exercise renames:

- `bracket-push` was renamed to `matching-brackets`
- `retree` was renamed to `satellite`
- `resistor-colors` was renamed to `resistor-color-duo`
- `kindergarden-garden` was renamed to `kindergarten-garden`

## Exclusions

There are some commits that we skipped over, and which thus didn't influence the authors/contributors list:

- Commits authored by `dependabot[bot]`, `dependabot-preview[bot]` or `github-actions[bot]`
- Bulk update PRs made by `ErikSchierboom` or `kytrinx` to update the track

exercises/practice/accumulate/.meta/config.json

@@ -1,6 +1,28 @@
 {
   "blurb": "Implement the `accumulate` operation, which, given a collection and an operation to perform on each element of the collection, returns a new collection containing the result of applying that operation to each element of the input collection.",
-  "authors": [],
+  "authors": [
+    "zilkey"
+  ],
+  "contributors": [
+    "alebaffa",
+    "amullins83",
+    "bitfield",
+    "brugnara",
+    "ekingery",
+    "ernesto-jimenez",
+    "ferhatelmas",
+    "hilary",
+    "kytrinyx",
+    "leenipper",
+    "mmozuras",
+    "ooransoy",
+    "petertseng",
+    "robphoenix",
+    "sebito91",
+    "strangeman",
+    "tleen",
+    "tompao"
+  ],
   "files": {
     "solution": [
       "accumulate.go"

exercises/practice/acronym/.meta/config.json

@@ -1,6 +1,29 @@
 {
   "blurb": "Convert a long phrase to its acronym",
-  "authors": [],
+  "authors": [
+    "Akasurde"
+  ],
+  "contributors": [
+    "alebaffa",
+    "antimatter96",
+    "bitfield",
+    "colinking",
+    "da-edra",
+    "ekingery",
+    "felixbuenemann",
+    "ferhatelmas",
+    "hilary",
+    "ilmanzo",
+    "kytrinyx",
+    "leenipper",
+    "mattcbaker",
+    "petertseng",
+    "robphoenix",
+    "sebito91",
+    "strangeman",
+    "tleen",
+    "usmanismail"
+  ],
   "files": {
     "solution": [
       "acronym.go"

exercises/practice/all-your-base/.meta/config.json

@@ -1,6 +1,21 @@
 {
   "blurb": "Convert a number, represented as a sequence of digits in one base, to any other base.",
-  "authors": [],
+  "authors": [
+    "erizocosmico"
+  ],
+  "contributors": [
+    "alebaffa",
+    "bitfield",
+    "ekingery",
+    "ferhatelmas",
+    "hilary",
+    "leenipper",
+    "ngochai94",
+    "petertseng",
+    "robphoenix",
+    "sebito91",
+    "tleen"
+  ],
   "files": {
     "solution": [
       "all_your_base.go"

exercises/practice/allergies/.meta/config.json

@@ -1,6 +1,25 @@
 {
   "blurb": "Given a person's allergy score, determine whether or not they're allergic to a given item, and their full list of allergies.",
-  "authors": [],
+  "authors": [
+    "zilkey"
+  ],
+  "contributors": [
+    "aarti",
+    "alebaffa",
+    "bitfield",
+    "ekingery",
+    "ferhatelmas",
+    "hilary",
+    "kytrinyx",
+    "leenipper",
+    "mkoppmann",
+    "petertseng",
+    "robphoenix",
+    "sebito91",
+    "strangeman",
+    "tleen",
+    "tompao"
+  ],
   "files": {
     "solution": [
       "allergies.go"

exercises/practice/alphametics/.meta/config.json

@@ -1,6 +1,15 @@
 {
   "blurb": "Write a function to solve alphametics puzzles.",
-  "authors": [],
+  "authors": [
+    "leenipper"
+  ],
+  "contributors": [
+    "bitfield",
+    "ekingery",
+    "ferhatelmas",
+    "hilary",
+    "sebito91"
+  ],
   "files": {
     "solution": [
       "alphametics.go"

exercises/practice/anagram/.meta/config.json

@@ -1,6 +1,27 @@
 {
   "blurb": "Given a word and a list of possible anagrams, select the correct sublist.",
-  "authors": [],
+  "authors": [
+    "mikegehard"
+  ],
+  "contributors": [
+    "alebaffa",
+    "bitfield",
+    "ekingery",
+    "ferhatelmas",
+    "henrik",
+    "hilary",
+    "ilmanzo",
+    "kf8a",
+    "kytrinyx",
+    "leenipper",
+    "markijbema",
+    "petertseng",
+    "robphoenix",
+    "sebito91",
+    "strangeman",
+    "tleen",
+    "tompao"
+  ],
   "files": {
     "solution": [
       "anagram.go"

exercises/practice/armstrong-numbers/.meta/config.json

@@ -1,6 +1,19 @@
 {
   "blurb": "Determine if a number is an Armstrong number",
-  "authors": [],
+  "authors": [
+    "ilmanzo"
+  ],
+  "contributors": [
+    "bitfield",
+    "da-edra",
+    "Daveed9",
+    "ekingery",
+    "ferhatelmas",
+    "hilary",
+    "kytrinyx",
+    "leenipper",
+    "sebito91"
+  ],
   "files": {
     "solution": [
       "armstrong_numbers.go"

exercises/practice/atbash-cipher/.meta/config.json

@@ -1,6 +1,23 @@
 {
   "blurb": "Create an implementation of the atbash cipher, an ancient encryption system created in the Middle East.",
-  "authors": [],
+  "authors": [
+    "zilkey"
+  ],
+  "contributors": [
+    "alebaffa",
+    "bitfield",
+    "ekingery",
+    "ferhatelmas",
+    "hilary",
+    "kytrinyx",
+    "leenipper",
+    "petertseng",
+    "robphoenix",
+    "sebito91",
+    "strangeman",
+    "tleen",
+    "tompao"
+  ],
   "files": {
     "solution": [
       "atbash_cipher.go"

exercises/practice/bank-account/.meta/config.json

@@ -1,6 +1,25 @@
 {
   "blurb": "Simulate a bank account supporting opening/closing, withdraws, and deposits of money. Watch out for concurrent transactions!",
-  "authors": [],
+  "authors": [
+    "soniakeys"
+  ],
+  "contributors": [
+    "alebaffa",
+    "bitfield",
+    "ekingery",
+    "ferhatelmas",
+    "hilary",
+    "homelinen",
+    "JensChrG",
+    "juergenhoetzel",
+    "kytrinyx",
+    "leenipper",
+    "parroty",
+    "petertseng",
+    "robphoenix",
+    "sebito91",
+    "tleen"
+  ],
   "files": {
     "solution": [
       "bank_account.go"

exercises/practice/beer-song/.meta/config.json

@@ -1,6 +1,27 @@
 {
   "blurb": "Produce the lyrics to that beloved classic, that field-trip favorite: 99 Bottles of Beer on the Wall.",
-  "authors": [],
+  "authors": [
+    "mikegehard"
+  ],
+  "contributors": [
+    "alebaffa",
+    "bitfield",
+    "Daveed9",
+    "ekingery",
+    "ferhatelmas",
+    "hilary",
+    "johngb",
+    "kytrinyx",
+    "leenipper",
+    "mchoube",
+    "petertseng",
+    "robphoenix",
+    "sebito91",
+    "soniakeys",
+    "strangeman",
+    "tleen",
+    "zilkey"
+  ],
   "files": {
     "solution": [
       "beer_song.go"

exercises/practice/binary-search-tree/.meta/config.json

@@ -1,6 +1,24 @@
 {
   "blurb": "Insert and search for numbers in a binary tree.",
-  "authors": [],
+  "authors": [
+    "zilkey"
+  ],
+  "contributors": [
+    "alebaffa",
+    "bitfield",
+    "ekingery",
+    "ferhatelmas",
+    "hilary",
+    "jcbwlkr",
+    "kytrinyx",
+    "leenipper",
+    "petertseng",
+    "robphoenix",
+    "sebito91",
+    "sjakobi",
+    "tapank",
+    "tleen"
+  ],
   "files": {
     "solution": [
       "binary_search_tree.go"

exercises/practice/binary-search/.meta/config.json

@@ -1,6 +1,21 @@
 {
   "blurb": "Implement a binary search algorithm.",
   "authors": [],
+  "contributors": [
+    "alebaffa",
+    "bitfield",
+    "da-edra",
+    "ekingery",
+    "ferhatelmas",
+    "hilary",
+    "ilmanzo",
+    "kytrinyx",
+    "leenipper",
+    "petertseng",
+    "robphoenix",
+    "sebito91",
+    "tleen"
+  ],
   "files": {
     "solution": [
       "binary_search.go"

exercises/practice/binary/.meta/config.json

@@ -1,6 +1,25 @@
 {
   "blurb": "Convert a binary number, represented as a string (e.g. '101010'), to its decimal equivalent using first principles",
-  "authors": [],
+  "authors": [
+    "mikegehard"
+  ],
+  "contributors": [
+    "alebaffa",
+    "benburleson",
+    "bitfield",
+    "dvrkps",
+    "ekingery",
+    "ferhatelmas",
+    "hilary",
+    "johngb",
+    "kytrinyx",
+    "petertseng",
+    "robphoenix",
+    "sebito91",
+    "soniakeys",
+    "tleen",
+    "tompao"
+  ],
   "files": {
     "solution": [
       "binary.go"

exercises/practice/bob/.meta/config.json

@@ -1,6 +1,26 @@
 {
   "blurb": "Bob is a lackadaisical teenager. In conversation, his responses are very limited.",
-  "authors": [],
+  "authors": [
+    "kytrinyx"
+  ],
+  "contributors": [
+    "alebaffa",
+    "austinlyons",
+    "bitfield",
+    "ekingery",
+    "ferhatelmas",
+    "hilary",
+    "leenipper",
+    "levicook",
+    "petertseng",
+    "robphoenix",
+    "sebito91",
+    "soniakeys",
+    "strangeman",
+    "tleen",
+    "tompao",
+    "Tonkpils"
+  ],
   "files": {
     "solution": [
       "bob.go"

exercises/practice/book-store/.meta/config.json

@@ -1,6 +1,17 @@
 {
   "blurb": "To try and encourage more sales of different books from a popular 5 book series, a bookshop has decided to offer discounts of multiple-book purchases.",
-  "authors": [],
+  "authors": [
+    "magic003"
+  ],
+  "contributors": [
+    "bitfield",
+    "ekingery",
+    "ferhatelmas",
+    "hilary",
+    "ilmanzo",
+    "leenipper",
+    "sebito91"
+  ],
   "files": {
     "solution": [
       "book_store.go"

exercises/practice/bowling/.meta/config.json

@@ -1,6 +1,17 @@
 {
   "blurb": "Score a bowling game",
-  "authors": [],
+  "authors": [
+    "leenipper"
+  ],
+  "contributors": [
+    "alebaffa",
+    "bitfield",
+    "ekingery",
+    "ferhatelmas",
+    "hilary",
+    "robphoenix",
+    "sebito91"
+  ],
   "files": {
     "solution": [
       "bowling.go"