Update to GraalVM 24.0.0

[Akirathan]

Closes #9609

Pull Request Description

Update the GraalVM-related Maven packages from 23.1.2 to 24.0.0.

Important Notes

• Reverted workarounds mentioned in Oracle GraalVM fails on AssertionError: no root node #9477

The language home search functionality in Truffle changed. It used to find the home for Enso from the class loader of EnsoLanguage:
https://github.com/oracle/graal/blob/graal-23.1.2/truffle/src/com.oracle.truffle.polyglot/src/com/oracle/truffle/polyglot/LanguageCache.java#L362

In 24.0.0, the language home is no longer found via class loader, but via system properties:
https://github.com/oracle/graal/blob/graal-24.0.0/truffle/src/com.oracle.truffle.polyglot/src/com/oracle/truffle/polyglot/LanguageCache.java#L353

I provided a "fix" for this by an explicit specification of the org.graalvm.language.enso.home system property in our launchers.

Checklist

Please ensure that the following checklist has been satisfied before submitting the PR:

• The documentation has been updated, if necessary.
• Screenshots/screencasts have been attached, if there are any visual changes. For interactive or animated visual changes, a screencast is preferred.
• All code follows the
  Scala,
  Java,
  and
  Rust
  style guides. In case you are using a language not listed above, follow the Rust style guide.
• All code has been tested:
  • Unit tests have been written where possible.
  • If GUI codebase was changed, the GUI was tested when built using ./run ide build.

[4e6]

Don't forget to update the Dockerfile

[JaroslavTulach]

Please remove other usages of @Cached ignore. Otherwise fine. Thank you for such a smooth upgrade.

[Akirathan]

Don't forget to update the Dockerfile

@4e6 Unlike to previous GraalVM updates, updating the Dockerfile is not necessary anymore. That Dockerfile will need updating once we update JDK version, and not the maven packages. Note that this PR only updates associated Maven packages, not JDK itself.