Implement ControlledExecution API

[AntonLapounov]

Implementation for API proposal #69622:

namespace System.Runtime;

// Allows to run code and abort it asynchronously
public static class ControlledExecution
{
    // Runs code that may be aborted asynchronously
    public static void Run(Action action, CancellationToken cancellationToken);
}

The Run method runs the specified action and allows to abort it asynchronously using the provided cancellation token. When cancellation is requested, the registered Execution.Abort callback calls the Thread::UserAbort runtime function, which is currently employed by the debugger to abort function evaluation. That function sets the TS_AbortRequested flag on the thread to abort, which causes the runtime to throw an asynchronous ThreadAbortException. This exception may be caught by the code being executed; however, it is automatically rethrown at the end of catch blocks. However, the code may catch it and throw an exception of a different type.
The Run method resets the TS_AbortRequested flag on the current thread if execution of the action has been aborted, which stops rethrowing the exception. It also catches the ThreadAbortException and normalizes it to an OperationCancelledException.

Recursive ControlledExecution.Run calls are not supported at present — we can support them if there is a valid scenario.

An example of using this API:

var cts = new CancellationTokenSource();
cts.CancelAfter(300); // timeout
ControlledExecution.Run(SomeAction, cts.Token);

FYI: @mangod9 @janvorli

[dotnet-issue-labeler]

Note regarding the new-api-needs-documentation label:

This serves as a reminder for when your PR is modifying a ref *.cs file and adding/modifying public APIs, to please make sure the API implementation in the src *.cs file is documented with triple slash comments, so the PR reviewers can sign off that change.

[jkotas]

Looks good in general. I think the remaining open issues are:

• API review feedback
• Decide whether we want to have a config switch to explicitly enable this feature

[AntonLapounov]

The failure in "Libraries Test Run checked coreclr Linux_musl arm64 Release" looks similar to this one: #66413 (comment).

[AntonLapounov]

The failures in the last run are unrelated:
#72821 (comment)
#69113 (comment)

[jkotas]

Thank you!

[stephentoub]

Thanks!

[AntonLapounov]

Thank you for very valuable feedback!

[AntonLapounov]

#73399 enabled this API on non-Windows operating systems.