Using patterns and declarations

proposals/using.md

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+# "pattern-based using" and "using declarations"
+
+## Summary
+
+The language will add two need capabilities around the `using` statement in order to make resource
+management simpler: `using` should recognize a disposable pattern in addition to `IDisposable` and add a `using`
+declaration to the language.
+
+## Motivation
+
+The `using` statement is an effective tool for resource management today but it requires quite a 
+bit of ceremony. Methods that have a number of resources to manage can get syntactically bogged 
+down with a series of `using` statements. This syntax burden is enough that most coding style 
+guidelines explicitly have an exception around braces for this scenario. 
+
+The `using` declaration removes much of the ceremony here and gets C# on par with other languages
+that include resource management blocks. Additionally the pattern-based `using` lets developers expand
+the set of types that can participate here. In many cases removing the need to create wrapper types 
+that only exist to allow for a values use in a `using` statement. 
+
+Together these features allow developers to simplify and expand the scenarios where `using` can
+be applied.
+
+## Detailed Design 
+
+### using declaration
+
+The language will allow for `using` to be added to a local variable declaration. Such a declaration
+will have the same effect as declarating the variable in a `using` statement at the same location.
+
+``` csharp
+if (...) { 
+   using FileStream f = new FileStream(@"C:\users\jaredpar\using.md");
+   // statements
+}
+
+// Equivalent to 
+if (...) { 
+   using (FileStream f = new FileStream(@"C:\users\jaredpar\using.md")) {
+    // statements
+   }
+}
+```
+
+The lifetime of a `using` local will extend to the end of the scope in which it is declared. The 
+`using` locals will then be disposed in the reverse order in which they are declared. 
+
+``` csharp
+{ 
+    using var f1 = new FileStream("...");
+    using var f2 = new FileStream("..."), f3 = new FileStream("...");
+    ...
+    // Dispose f3
+    // Dispose f2 
+    // Dispose f1
+}
+```
+
+There are no restrictions around `goto`, or any other control flow construct in the face of 
+a `using` declaration. Instead the code acts just as it would for the equivalent `using` statement:
+
+``` csharp
+{
+    using var f1 = new FileStream("...");
+  target:
+    using var f2 = new FileStream("...");
+    if (someCondition) {
+        // Causes f2 to be disposed but has no effect on f1
+        goto target;
+    }
+}
+```
+
+A local declared in a `using` local declaration will be implicitly read-only. This matches the 
+behavior of locals declared in a `using` statement. 
+
+The language grammar for `using` declarations will be the following:
+
+```
+local-using-declaration:
+  using type using-declarators
+
+using-declarators:
+  using-declarator
+  using-declarators , using-declarator
+
+using-declarator:
+  identifier = expression
+```
+
+Restrictions around `using` declaration:
+
+- May not appear directly inside a `case` label but instead must be within a block inside the
+ `case` label.
+- May not appear as part of an `out` variable declaration. 
+- Must have an initializer for each declarator.
+- The local type must be implicitly convertible to `IDisposable` or fulfill the `using` pattern.
+
+### pattern-based using
+
+The language will add the notion of a disposable pattern: that is a type which has an accessible 
+`Dispose` instance method. Types which fit the disposable pattern can participate in a `using` 
+statement or declaration without being required to implement `IDisposable`. 
+
+``` csharp
+class Resource { 
+    public void Dispose() { ... }
+}
+
+using (var r = new Resource()) {
+    // statements
+}
+```
+
+This will allow developers to leverage `using` in a number of new scenarios:
+
+- `ref struct`: These types can't implement interfaces today and hence can't participate in `using`
+statements.
+- Extension methods will allow developers to augment types in other assemblies to participate 
+in `using` statements.
+
+In the situation where a type can be implicitly converted to `IDisposable` and also fits the
+disposable pattern, then `IDisposable` will be preferred. While this takes the opposite approach
+of `foreach` (pattern preferred over interface) it is necessary for backwards compatibility.
+
+The same restrictions from a traditional `using` statement apply here as well: local variables 
+declared in the `using` are read-only, a `null` value will not cause an exception to be thrown, 
+etc ... The code generation will be different only in that there will not be a cast to 
+`IDisposable` before calling Dispose:
+
+``` csharp
+{
+	Resource r = new Resource();
+	try {
+		// statements
+	}
+	finally {
+		if (resource != null) resource.Dispose();
+	}
+}
+```
+
+In order to fit the disposable pattern the `Dispose` method must be accessible, parameterless and have 
+a `void` return type. There are no other restrictions. This explicitly means that extension methods
+can be used here.
+
+## Considerations
+
+### case labels without blocks
+
+A `using declaration` is illegal directly inside a `case` label due to complications around its 
+actual lifetime. One potential solution is to simply give it the same lifetime as an `out var` 
+in the same location. It was deemed the extra complexity to the feature implementation and the 
+ease of the work around (just add a block to the `case` label) didn't justify taking this route.
+
+## Future Expansions
+
+### fixed locals
+
+A `fixed` statement has all of the properties of `using` statements that motivated the ability
+to have `using` locals. Consideration should be given to extending this feature to `fixed` locals
+as well. The lifetime and ordering rules should apply equally well for `using` and `fixed` here.
+
+