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1 Notes on the Free Translation Project | ||
*************************************** | ||
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Free software is going international! The Free Translation Project is | ||
a way to get maintainers of free software, translators, and users all | ||
together, so that free software will gradually become able to speak many | ||
languages. A few packages already provide translations for their | ||
messages. | ||
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If you found this `ABOUT-NLS' file inside a distribution, you may | ||
assume that the distributed package does use GNU `gettext' internally, | ||
itself available at your nearest GNU archive site. But you do _not_ | ||
need to install GNU `gettext' prior to configuring, installing or using | ||
this package with messages translated. | ||
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Installers will find here some useful hints. These notes also | ||
explain how users should proceed for getting the programs to use the | ||
available translations. They tell how people wanting to contribute and | ||
work on translations can contact the appropriate team. | ||
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When reporting bugs in the `intl/' directory or bugs which may be | ||
related to internationalization, you should tell about the version of | ||
`gettext' which is used. The information can be found in the | ||
`intl/VERSION' file, in internationalized packages. | ||
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1.1 Quick configuration advice | ||
============================== | ||
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If you want to exploit the full power of internationalization, you | ||
should configure it using | ||
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./configure --with-included-gettext | ||
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to force usage of internationalizing routines provided within this | ||
package, despite the existence of internationalizing capabilities in the | ||
operating system where this package is being installed. So far, only | ||
the `gettext' implementation in the GNU C library version 2 provides as | ||
many features (such as locale alias, message inheritance, automatic | ||
charset conversion or plural form handling) as the implementation here. | ||
It is also not possible to offer this additional functionality on top | ||
of a `catgets' implementation. Future versions of GNU `gettext' will | ||
very likely convey even more functionality. So it might be a good idea | ||
to change to GNU `gettext' as soon as possible. | ||
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So you need _not_ provide this option if you are using GNU libc 2 or | ||
you have installed a recent copy of the GNU gettext package with the | ||
included `libintl'. | ||
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1.2 INSTALL Matters | ||
=================== | ||
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Some packages are "localizable" when properly installed; the programs | ||
they contain can be made to speak your own native language. Most such | ||
packages use GNU `gettext'. Other packages have their own ways to | ||
internationalization, predating GNU `gettext'. | ||
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By default, this package will be installed to allow translation of | ||
messages. It will automatically detect whether the system already | ||
provides the GNU `gettext' functions. If not, the included GNU | ||
`gettext' library will be used. This library is wholly contained | ||
within this package, usually in the `intl/' subdirectory, so prior | ||
installation of the GNU `gettext' package is _not_ required. | ||
Installers may use special options at configuration time for changing | ||
the default behaviour. The commands: | ||
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./configure --with-included-gettext | ||
./configure --disable-nls | ||
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will, respectively, bypass any pre-existing `gettext' to use the | ||
internationalizing routines provided within this package, or else, | ||
_totally_ disable translation of messages. | ||
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When you already have GNU `gettext' installed on your system and run | ||
configure without an option for your new package, `configure' will | ||
probably detect the previously built and installed `libintl.a' file and | ||
will decide to use this. This might not be desirable. You should use | ||
the more recent version of the GNU `gettext' library. I.e. if the file | ||
`intl/VERSION' shows that the library which comes with this package is | ||
more recent, you should use | ||
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./configure --with-included-gettext | ||
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to prevent auto-detection. | ||
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The configuration process will not test for the `catgets' function | ||
and therefore it will not be used. The reason is that even an | ||
emulation of `gettext' on top of `catgets' could not provide all the | ||
extensions of the GNU `gettext' library. | ||
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Internationalized packages usually have many `po/LL.po' files, where | ||
LL gives an ISO 639 two-letter code identifying the language. Unless | ||
translations have been forbidden at `configure' time by using the | ||
`--disable-nls' switch, all available translations are installed | ||
together with the package. However, the environment variable `LINGUAS' | ||
may be set, prior to configuration, to limit the installed set. | ||
`LINGUAS' should then contain a space separated list of two-letter | ||
codes, stating which languages are allowed. | ||
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1.3 Using This Package | ||
====================== | ||
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As a user, if your language has been installed for this package, you | ||
only have to set the `LANG' environment variable to the appropriate | ||
`LL_CC' combination. Here `LL' is an ISO 639 two-letter language code, | ||
and `CC' is an ISO 3166 two-letter country code. For example, let's | ||
suppose that you speak German and live in Germany. At the shell | ||
prompt, merely execute `setenv LANG de_DE' (in `csh'), | ||
`export LANG; LANG=de_DE' (in `sh') or `export LANG=de_DE' (in `bash'). | ||
This can be done from your `.login' or `.profile' file, once and for | ||
all. | ||
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You might think that the country code specification is redundant. | ||
But in fact, some languages have dialects in different countries. For | ||
example, `de_AT' is used for Austria, and `pt_BR' for Brazil. The | ||
country code serves to distinguish the dialects. | ||
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The locale naming convention of `LL_CC', with `LL' denoting the | ||
language and `CC' denoting the country, is the one use on systems based | ||
on GNU libc. On other systems, some variations of this scheme are | ||
used, such as `LL' or `LL_CC.ENCODING'. You can get the list of | ||
locales supported by your system for your language by running the | ||
command `locale -a | grep '^LL''. | ||
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Not all programs have translations for all languages. By default, an | ||
English message is shown in place of a nonexistent translation. If you | ||
understand other languages, you can set up a priority list of languages. | ||
This is done through a different environment variable, called | ||
`LANGUAGE'. GNU `gettext' gives preference to `LANGUAGE' over `LANG' | ||
for the purpose of message handling, but you still need to have `LANG' | ||
set to the primary language; this is required by other parts of the | ||
system libraries. For example, some Swedish users who would rather | ||
read translations in German than English for when Swedish is not | ||
available, set `LANGUAGE' to `sv:de' while leaving `LANG' to `sv_SE'. | ||
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Special advice for Norwegian users: The language code for Norwegian | ||
bokma*l changed from `no' to `nb' recently (in 2003). During the | ||
transition period, while some message catalogs for this language are | ||
installed under `nb' and some older ones under `no', it's recommended | ||
for Norwegian users to set `LANGUAGE' to `nb:no' so that both newer and | ||
older translations are used. | ||
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In the `LANGUAGE' environment variable, but not in the `LANG' | ||
environment variable, `LL_CC' combinations can be abbreviated as `LL' | ||
to denote the language's main dialect. For example, `de' is equivalent | ||
to `de_DE' (German as spoken in Germany), and `pt' to `pt_PT' | ||
(Portuguese as spoken in Portugal) in this context. | ||
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1.4 Translating Teams | ||
===================== | ||
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For the Free Translation Project to be a success, we need interested | ||
people who like their own language and write it well, and who are also | ||
able to synergize with other translators speaking the same language. | ||
Each translation team has its own mailing list. The up-to-date list of | ||
teams can be found at the Free Translation Project's homepage, | ||
`http://www.iro.umontreal.ca/contrib/po/HTML/', in the "National teams" | ||
area. | ||
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If you'd like to volunteer to _work_ at translating messages, you | ||
should become a member of the translating team for your own language. | ||
The subscribing address is _not_ the same as the list itself, it has | ||
`-request' appended. For example, speakers of Swedish can send a | ||
message to `[email protected]', having this message body: | ||
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subscribe | ||
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Keep in mind that team members are expected to participate | ||
_actively_ in translations, or at solving translational difficulties, | ||
rather than merely lurking around. If your team does not exist yet and | ||
you want to start one, or if you are unsure about what to do or how to | ||
get started, please write to `[email protected]' to reach the | ||
coordinator for all translator teams. | ||
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The English team is special. It works at improving and uniformizing | ||
the terminology in use. Proven linguistic skills are praised more than | ||
programming skills, here. | ||
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1.5 Available Packages | ||
====================== | ||
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Languages are not equally supported in all packages. The following | ||
matrix shows the current state of internationalization, as of October | ||
2006. The matrix shows, in regard of each package, for which languages | ||
PO files have been submitted to translation coordination, with a | ||
translation percentage of at least 50%. | ||
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# Matrix here is removed! | ||
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Some counters in the preceding matrix are higher than the number of | ||
visible blocks let us expect. This is because a few extra PO files are | ||
used for implementing regional variants of languages, or language | ||
dialects. | ||
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For a PO file in the matrix above to be effective, the package to | ||
which it applies should also have been internationalized and | ||
distributed as such by its maintainer. There might be an observable | ||
lag between the mere existence a PO file and its wide availability in a | ||
distribution. | ||
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If October 2006 seems to be old, you may fetch a more recent copy of | ||
this `ABOUT-NLS' file on most GNU archive sites. The most up-to-date | ||
matrix with full percentage details can be found at | ||
`http://www.iro.umontreal.ca/contrib/po/HTML/matrix.html'. | ||
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1.6 Using `gettext' in new packages | ||
=================================== | ||
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If you are writing a freely available program and want to | ||
internationalize it you are welcome to use GNU `gettext' in your | ||
package. Of course you have to respect the GNU Library General Public | ||
License which covers the use of the GNU `gettext' library. This means | ||
in particular that even non-free programs can use `libintl' as a shared | ||
library, whereas only free software can use `libintl' as a static | ||
library or use modified versions of `libintl'. | ||
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Once the sources are changed appropriately and the setup can handle | ||
the use of `gettext' the only thing missing are the translations. The | ||
Free Translation Project is also available for packages which are not | ||
developed inside the GNU project. Therefore the information given above | ||
applies also for every other Free Software Project. Contact | ||
`[email protected]' to make the `.pot' files available to | ||
the translation teams. | ||
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The following authors assigned copyright on their work to the Free | ||
Software Foundation: | ||
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Yoshinori K. Okuji designed and implemented the initial version. | ||
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Jeroen Dekkers added initrd support, Multiboot support, and fixed bugs | ||
in ext2fs. | ||
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Marco Gerards added ext2fs support, grub-emu, a new command-line | ||
engine, and fixed many bugs. | ||
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Omniflux added terminfo and serial support. | ||
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Vincent Pelletier added Sparc64 support. | ||
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Hollis Blanchard implemented many parts of PowerPC support. | ||
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Tomas Ebenlendr added the command chainloader into the normal mode, | ||
fixed some bugs. | ||
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Guillem Jover merged architecture-independent ELF support code. | ||
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Vesa Jaaskelainen added VBE support. |
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GRUB team is aware of following problems: | ||
- Currently search and assembling multidevice abstractions scans | ||
all the devices which can be slow. | ||
- Cache isn't used correctly for video which results in slowness. | ||
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While these are bugs their solution has a potential of breaking more and more | ||
seriously. So it was decided for 1.99 that they aren't fixed. |
Oops, something went wrong.