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Fix Image can't load #67

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19 changes: 10 additions & 9 deletions _parts/part7.md
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Expand Up @@ -13,19 +13,20 @@ Why is a tree a good data structure for a database?

A B-Tree is different from a binary tree (the "B" probably stands for the inventor's name, but could also stand for "balanced"). Here's an example B-Tree:

{% include image.html url="assets/images/B-tree.png" description="example B-Tree (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:B-tree.svg)" %}
![Alt text](https://github.com/cstack/db_tutorial/blob/master/assets/images/B-tree.png?raw=true "example B-Tree (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:B-tree.svg)")

Unlike a binary tree, each node in a B-Tree can have more than 2 children. Each node can have up to m children, where m is called the tree's "order". To keep the tree mostly balanced, we also say nodes have to have at least m/2 children (rounded up).

Exceptions:

- Leaf nodes have 0 children
- The root node can have fewer than m children but must have at least 2
- If the root node is a leaf node (the only node), it still has 0 children

The picture from above is a B-Tree, which SQLite uses to store indexes. To store tables, SQLites uses a variation called a B+ tree.

| | B-tree | B+ tree |
|-------------------------------|----------------|---------------------|
| ----------------------------- | -------------- | ------------------- |
| Pronounced | "Bee Tree" | "Bee Plus Tree" |
| Used to store | Indexes | Tables |
| Internal nodes store keys | Yes | Yes |
Expand All @@ -38,7 +39,7 @@ Until we get to implementing indexes, I'm going to talk solely about B+ trees, b
Nodes with children are called "internal" nodes. Internal nodes and leaf nodes are structured differently:

| For an order-m tree... | Internal Node | Leaf Node |
|------------------------|-------------------------------|---------------------|
| ---------------------- | ----------------------------- | ------------------- |
| Stores | keys and pointers to children | keys and values |
| Number of keys | up to m-1 | as many as will fit |
| Number of pointers | number of keys + 1 | none |
Expand All @@ -55,29 +56,29 @@ Let's work through an example to see how a B-tree grows as you insert elements i

An empty B-tree has a single node: the root node. The root node starts as a leaf node with zero key/value pairs:

{% include image.html url="assets/images/btree1.png" description="empty btree" %}
![Alt text](https://github.com/cstack/db_tutorial/blob/master/assets/images/btree1.png?raw=true "empty btree")

If we insert a couple key/value pairs, they are stored in the leaf node in sorted order.

{% include image.html url="assets/images/btree2.png" description="one-node btree" %}
![Alt text](https://github.com/cstack/db_tutorial/blob/master/assets/images/btree2.png?raw=true "one-node btree")

Let's say that the capacity of a leaf node is two key/value pairs. When we insert another, we have to split the leaf node and put half the pairs in each node. Both nodes become children of a new internal node which will now be the root node.

{% include image.html url="assets/images/btree3.png" description="two-level btree" %}
![Alt text](https://github.com/cstack/db_tutorial/blob/master/assets/images/btree3.png?raw=true "two-level btree")

The internal node has 1 key and 2 pointers to child nodes. If we want to look up a key that is less than or equal to 5, we look in the left child. If we want to look up a key greater than 5, we look in the right child.

Now let's insert the key "2". First we look up which leaf node it would be in if it was present, and we arrive at the left leaf node. The node is full, so we split the leaf node and create a new entry in the parent node.

{% include image.html url="assets/images/btree4.png" description="four-node btree" %}
![Alt text](https://github.com/cstack/db_tutorial/blob/master/assets/images/btree4.png?raw=true "four-level btree")

Let's keep adding keys. 18 and 21. We get to the point where we have to split again, but there's no room in the parent node for another key/pointer pair.

{% include image.html url="assets/images/btree5.png" description="no room in internal node" %}
![Alt text](https://github.com/cstack/db_tutorial/blob/master/assets/images/btree5.png?raw=true "no room in internal node")

The solution is to split the root node into two internal nodes, then create new root node to be their parent.

{% include image.html url="assets/images/btree6.png" description="three-level btree" %}
![Alt text](https://github.com/cstack/db_tutorial/blob/master/assets/images/btree6.png?raw=true "three-level btree")

The depth of the tree only increases when we split the root node. Every leaf node has the same depth and close to the same number of key/value pairs, so the tree remains balanced and quick to search.

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