Add hedged request to Store Gateway

CHANGELOG.md

@@ -17,6 +17,7 @@
 * [FEATURE] Chunk Cache: Support multi level cache and add metrics. #6249
 * [FEATURE] Distributor: Accept multiple HA Tracker pairs in the same request. #6256
 * [FEATURE] Ruler: Add support for per-user external labels #6340
+* [ENHANCEMENT] Store Gateway: Add a hedged request to reduce the tail latency. #6388
 * [ENHANCEMENT] Ingester: Add metrics to track succeed/failed native histograms. #6370
 * [ENHANCEMENT] Query Frontend/Querier: Add an experimental flag `-querier.enable-promql-experimental-functions` to enable experimental promQL functions. #6355
 * [ENHANCEMENT] OTLP: Add `-distributor.otlp-max-recv-msg-size` flag to limit OTLP request size in bytes. #6333

docs/blocks-storage/store-gateway.md

@@ -344,6 +344,23 @@ store_gateway:
   # tenant(s) for processing will ignore them instead.
   # CLI flag: -store-gateway.disabled-tenants
   [disabled_tenants: <string> | default = ""]
+
+  hedged_request:
+    # If true, hedged requests are applied to object store calls. It can help
+    # with reducing tail latency.
+    # CLI flag: -store-gateway.hedged-request.enabled
+    [enabled: <boolean> | default = false]
+
+    # Maximum number of hedged requests allowed for each initial request. A high
+    # number can reduce latency but increase internal calls.
+    # CLI flag: -store-gateway.hedged-request.max-requests
+    [max_requests: <int> | default = 3]
+
+    # It is used to calculate a latency threshold to trigger hedged requests.
+    # For example, additional requests are triggered when the initial request
+    # response time exceeds the 90th percentile.
+    # CLI flag: -store-gateway.hedged-request.quantile
+    [quantile: <float> | default = 0.9]
 ```
 
 ### `blocks_storage_config`

docs/configuration/config-file-reference.md

@@ -5664,6 +5664,23 @@ sharding_ring:
 # tenant(s) for processing will ignore them instead.
 # CLI flag: -store-gateway.disabled-tenants
 [disabled_tenants: <string> | default = ""]
+
+hedged_request:
+  # If true, hedged requests are applied to object store calls. It can help with
+  # reducing tail latency.
+  # CLI flag: -store-gateway.hedged-request.enabled
+  [enabled: <boolean> | default = false]
+
+  # Maximum number of hedged requests allowed for each initial request. A high
+  # number can reduce latency but increase internal calls.
+  # CLI flag: -store-gateway.hedged-request.max-requests
+  [max_requests: <int> | default = 3]
+
+  # It is used to calculate a latency threshold to trigger hedged requests. For
+  # example, additional requests are triggered when the initial request response
+  # time exceeds the 90th percentile.
+  # CLI flag: -store-gateway.hedged-request.quantile
+  [quantile: <float> | default = 0.9]
 ```
 
 ### `tracing_config`

go.mod

@@ -116,9 +116,11 @@ require (
 	github.com/benbjohnson/clock v1.3.5 // indirect
 	github.com/beorn7/perks v1.0.1 // indirect
 	github.com/blang/semver/v4 v4.0.0 // indirect
+	github.com/caio/go-tdigest v3.1.0+incompatible // indirect
 	github.com/cenkalti/backoff/v4 v4.3.0 // indirect
 	github.com/coreos/go-semver v0.3.0 // indirect
 	github.com/coreos/go-systemd/v22 v22.5.0 // indirect
+	github.com/cristalhq/hedgedhttp v0.9.1 // indirect
 	github.com/davecgh/go-spew v1.1.2-0.20180830191138-d8f796af33cc // indirect
 	github.com/dennwc/varint v1.0.0 // indirect
 	github.com/dgryski/go-metro v0.0.0-20200812162917-85c65e2d0165 // indirect

go.sum

@@ -897,6 +897,8 @@ github.com/boombuler/barcode v1.0.0/go.mod h1:paBWMcWSl3LHKBqUq+rly7CNSldXjb2rDl
 github.com/boombuler/barcode v1.0.1/go.mod h1:paBWMcWSl3LHKBqUq+rly7CNSldXjb2rDl3JlRe0mD8=
 github.com/bradfitz/gomemcache v0.0.0-20230905024940-24af94b03874 h1:N7oVaKyGp8bttX0bfZGmcGkjz7DLQXhAn3DNd3T0ous=
 github.com/bradfitz/gomemcache v0.0.0-20230905024940-24af94b03874/go.mod h1:r5xuitiExdLAJ09PR7vBVENGvp4ZuTBeWTGtxuX3K+c=
+github.com/caio/go-tdigest v3.1.0+incompatible h1:uoVMJ3Q5lXmVLCCqaMGHLBWnbGoN6Lpu7OAUPR60cds=
+github.com/caio/go-tdigest v3.1.0+incompatible/go.mod h1:sHQM/ubZStBUmF1WbB8FAm8q9GjDajLC5T7ydxE3JHI=
 github.com/cenkalti/backoff/v4 v4.3.0 h1:MyRJ/UdXutAwSAT+s3wNd7MfTIcy71VQueUuFK343L8=
 github.com/cenkalti/backoff/v4 v4.3.0/go.mod h1:Y3VNntkOUPxTVeUxJ/G5vcM//AlwfmyYozVcomhLiZE=
 github.com/census-instrumentation/opencensus-proto v0.2.1/go.mod h1:f6KPmirojxKA12rnyqOA5BBL4O983OfeGPqjHWSTneU=
@@ -942,6 +944,8 @@ github.com/cortexproject/promqlsmith v0.0.0-20241121054008-8b48fe2471ef/go.mod h
 github.com/cortexproject/weaveworks-common v0.0.0-20241129212437-96019edf21f1 h1:UoSixdl0sBUhfEOMpIGxFnJjp3/y/+nkw6Du7su05FE=
 github.com/cortexproject/weaveworks-common v0.0.0-20241129212437-96019edf21f1/go.mod h1:7cl8fS/nivXe2DmBUUmr/3UGTJG2jVU2NRaIayR2Zjs=
 github.com/creack/pty v1.1.9/go.mod h1:oKZEueFk5CKHvIhNR5MUki03XCEU+Q6VDXinZuGJ33E=
+github.com/cristalhq/hedgedhttp v0.9.1 h1:g68L9cf8uUyQKQJwciD0A1Vgbsz+QgCjuB1I8FAsCDs=
+github.com/cristalhq/hedgedhttp v0.9.1/go.mod h1:XkqWU6qVMutbhW68NnzjWrGtH8NUx1UfYqGYtHVKIsI=
 github.com/davecgh/go-spew v1.1.0/go.mod h1:J7Y8YcW2NihsgmVo/mv3lAwl/skON4iLHjSsI+c5H38=
 github.com/davecgh/go-spew v1.1.1/go.mod h1:J7Y8YcW2NihsgmVo/mv3lAwl/skON4iLHjSsI+c5H38=
 github.com/davecgh/go-spew v1.1.2-0.20180830191138-d8f796af33cc h1:U9qPSI2PIWSS1VwoXQT9A3Wy9MM3WgvqSxFWenqJduM=
@@ -1390,6 +1394,8 @@ github.com/lann/ps v0.0.0-20150810152359-62de8c46ede0/go.mod h1:vmVJ0l/dxyfGW6Fm
 github.com/leanovate/gopter v0.2.9 h1:fQjYxZaynp97ozCzfOyOuAGOU4aU/z37zf/tOujFk7c=
 github.com/leanovate/gopter v0.2.9/go.mod h1:U2L/78B+KVFIx2VmW6onHJQzXtFb+p5y3y2Sh+Jxxv8=
 github.com/ledongthuc/pdf v0.0.0-20220302134840-0c2507a12d80/go.mod h1:imJHygn/1yfhB7XSJJKlFZKl/J+dCPAknuiaGOshXAs=
+github.com/leesper/go_rng v0.0.0-20190531154944-a612b043e353 h1:X/79QL0b4YJVO5+OsPH9rF2u428CIrGL/jLmPsoOQQ4=
+github.com/leesper/go_rng v0.0.0-20190531154944-a612b043e353/go.mod h1:N0SVk0uhy+E1PZ3C9ctsPRlvOPAFPkCNlcPBDkt0N3U=
 github.com/leodido/go-urn v1.2.0/go.mod h1:+8+nEpDfqqsY+g338gtMEUOtuK+4dEMhiQEgxpxOKII=
 github.com/lib/pq v1.10.9 h1:YXG7RB+JIjhP29X+OtkiDnYaXQwpS4JEWq7dtCCRUEw=
 github.com/lib/pq v1.10.9/go.mod h1:AlVN5x4E4T544tWzH6hKfbfQvm3HdbOxrmggDNAPY9o=

integration/e2ecortex/storage.go

@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ type S3Client struct {
 }
 
 func NewS3Client(cfg s3.Config) (*S3Client, error) {
-	writer, err := s3.NewBucketClient(cfg, "test", log.NewNopLogger())
+	writer, err := s3.NewBucketClient(cfg, nil, "test", log.NewNopLogger())
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}

pkg/alertmanager/alertstore/store.go

@@ -62,7 +62,7 @@ func NewAlertStore(ctx context.Context, cfg Config, cfgProvider bucket.TenantCon
 		return local.NewStore(cfg.Local)
 	}
 
-	bucketClient, err := bucket.NewClient(ctx, cfg.Config, "alertmanager-storage", logger, reg)
+	bucketClient, err := bucket.NewClient(ctx, cfg.Config, nil, "alertmanager-storage", logger, reg)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}

pkg/compactor/compactor.go

@@ -384,7 +384,7 @@ type Compactor struct {
 // NewCompactor makes a new Compactor.
 func NewCompactor(compactorCfg Config, storageCfg cortex_tsdb.BlocksStorageConfig, logger log.Logger, registerer prometheus.Registerer, limits *validation.Overrides) (*Compactor, error) {
 	bucketClientFactory := func(ctx context.Context) (objstore.InstrumentedBucket, error) {
-		return bucket.NewClient(ctx, storageCfg.Bucket, "compactor", logger, registerer)
+		return bucket.NewClient(ctx, storageCfg.Bucket, nil, "compactor", logger, registerer)
 	}
 
 	blocksGrouperFactory := compactorCfg.BlocksGrouperFactory

pkg/cortex/modules.go

@@ -177,7 +177,7 @@ func (t *Cortex) initRuntimeConfig() (services.Service, error) {
 				}
 			}
 		}
-		return bucket.NewClient(ctx, t.Cfg.RuntimeConfig.StorageConfig, "runtime-config", logger, registerer)
+		return bucket.NewClient(ctx, t.Cfg.RuntimeConfig.StorageConfig, nil, "runtime-config", logger, registerer)
 	}
 	serv, err := runtimeconfig.New(t.Cfg.RuntimeConfig, registerer, logger, bucketClientFactory)
 	if err == nil {

pkg/ingester/ingester.go

@@ -693,7 +693,7 @@ func New(cfg Config, limits *validation.Overrides, registerer prometheus.Registe
 		cfg.ingesterClientFactory = client.MakeIngesterClient
 	}
 
-	bucketClient, err := bucket.NewClient(context.Background(), cfg.BlocksStorageConfig.Bucket, "ingester", logger, registerer)
+	bucketClient, err := bucket.NewClient(context.Background(), cfg.BlocksStorageConfig.Bucket, nil, "ingester", logger, registerer)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, errors.Wrap(err, "failed to create the bucket client")
 	}
@@ -769,7 +769,7 @@ func New(cfg Config, limits *validation.Overrides, registerer prometheus.Registe
 // this is a special version of ingester used by Flusher. This ingester is not ingesting anything, its only purpose is to react
 // on Flush method and flush all opened TSDBs when called.
 func NewForFlusher(cfg Config, limits *validation.Overrides, registerer prometheus.Registerer, logger log.Logger) (*Ingester, error) {
-	bucketClient, err := bucket.NewClient(context.Background(), cfg.BlocksStorageConfig.Bucket, "ingester", logger, registerer)
+	bucketClient, err := bucket.NewClient(context.Background(), cfg.BlocksStorageConfig.Bucket, nil, "ingester", logger, registerer)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, errors.Wrap(err, "failed to create the bucket client")
 	}

pkg/purger/tenant_deletion_api.go

@@ -119,7 +119,7 @@ func (api *TenantDeletionAPI) isBlocksForUserDeleted(ctx context.Context, userID
 }
 
 func createBucketClient(cfg cortex_tsdb.BlocksStorageConfig, logger log.Logger, reg prometheus.Registerer) (objstore.InstrumentedBucket, error) {
-	bucketClient, err := bucket.NewClient(context.Background(), cfg.Bucket, "purger", logger, reg)
+	bucketClient, err := bucket.NewClient(context.Background(), cfg.Bucket, nil, "purger", logger, reg)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, errors.Wrap(err, "create bucket client")
 	}

pkg/querier/blocks_store_queryable.go

@@ -185,7 +185,7 @@ func NewBlocksStoreQueryable(
 func NewBlocksStoreQueryableFromConfig(querierCfg Config, gatewayCfg storegateway.Config, storageCfg cortex_tsdb.BlocksStorageConfig, limits BlocksStoreLimits, logger log.Logger, reg prometheus.Registerer) (*BlocksStoreQueryable, error) {
 	var stores BlocksStoreSet
 
-	bucketClient, err := bucket.NewClient(context.Background(), storageCfg.Bucket, "querier", logger, reg)
+	bucketClient, err := bucket.NewClient(context.Background(), storageCfg.Bucket, gatewayCfg.HedgedRequest.GetHedgedRoundTripper(), "querier", logger, reg)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, errors.Wrap(err, "failed to create bucket client")
 	}

pkg/ruler/storage.go

@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ func NewRuleStore(ctx context.Context, cfg rulestore.Config, cfgProvider bucket.
 		return local.NewLocalRulesClient(cfg.Local, loader)
 	}
 
-	bucketClient, err := bucket.NewClient(ctx, cfg.Config, "ruler-storage", logger, reg)
+	bucketClient, err := bucket.NewClient(ctx, cfg.Config, nil, "ruler-storage", logger, reg)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}

pkg/storage/bucket/azure/bucket_client.go

@@ -1,6 +1,8 @@
 package azure
 
 import (
+	"net/http"
+
 	"github.com/go-kit/log"
 	"github.com/prometheus/common/model"
 	"github.com/thanos-io/objstore"
@@ -9,7 +11,7 @@ import (
 	yaml "gopkg.in/yaml.v2"
 )
 
-func NewBucketClient(cfg Config, name string, logger log.Logger) (objstore.Bucket, error) {
+func NewBucketClient(cfg Config, hedgedRoundTripper func(rt http.RoundTripper) http.RoundTripper, name string, logger log.Logger) (objstore.Bucket, error) {
 	bucketConfig := azure.Config{
 		StorageAccountName:      cfg.StorageAccountName,
 		StorageAccountKey:       cfg.StorageAccountKey.Value,
@@ -37,5 +39,5 @@ func NewBucketClient(cfg Config, name string, logger log.Logger) (objstore.Bucke
 		return nil, err
 	}
 
-	return azure.NewBucket(logger, serialized, name, nil)
+	return azure.NewBucket(logger, serialized, name, hedgedRoundTripper)
 }

pkg/storage/bucket/client.go

@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@ import (
 	"errors"
 	"flag"
 	"fmt"
+	"net/http"
 	"strings"
 
 	"github.com/go-kit/log"
@@ -103,17 +104,17 @@ func (cfg *Config) Validate() error {
 }
 
 // NewClient creates a new bucket client based on the configured backend
-func NewClient(ctx context.Context, cfg Config, name string, logger log.Logger, reg prometheus.Registerer) (bucket objstore.InstrumentedBucket, err error) {
+func NewClient(ctx context.Context, cfg Config, hedgedRoundTripper func(rt http.RoundTripper) http.RoundTripper, name string, logger log.Logger, reg prometheus.Registerer) (bucket objstore.InstrumentedBucket, err error) {
 	var client objstore.Bucket
 	switch cfg.Backend {
 	case S3:
-		client, err = s3.NewBucketClient(cfg.S3, name, logger)
+		client, err = s3.NewBucketClient(cfg.S3, hedgedRoundTripper, name, logger)
 	case GCS:
-		client, err = gcs.NewBucketClient(ctx, cfg.GCS, name, logger)
+		client, err = gcs.NewBucketClient(ctx, cfg.GCS, hedgedRoundTripper, name, logger)
 	case Azure:
-		client, err = azure.NewBucketClient(cfg.Azure, name, logger)
+		client, err = azure.NewBucketClient(cfg.Azure, hedgedRoundTripper, name, logger)
 	case Swift:
-		client, err = swift.NewBucketClient(cfg.Swift, name, logger)
+		client, err = swift.NewBucketClient(cfg.Swift, hedgedRoundTripper, name, logger)
 	case Filesystem:
 		client, err = filesystem.NewBucketClient(cfg.Filesystem)
 	default:

pkg/storage/bucket/client_test.go

@@ -87,7 +87,7 @@ func TestNewClient(t *testing.T) {
 			require.NoError(t, err)
 
 			// Instance a new bucket client from the config
-			bucketClient, err := NewClient(context.Background(), cfg, "test", util_log.Logger, nil)
+			bucketClient, err := NewClient(context.Background(), cfg, nil, "test", util_log.Logger, nil)
 			require.Equal(t, testData.expectedErr, err)
 
 			if testData.expectedErr == nil {

pkg/storage/bucket/gcs/bucket_client.go

@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@ package gcs
 
 import (
 	"context"
+	"net/http"
 
 	"github.com/go-kit/log"
 	"github.com/thanos-io/objstore"
@@ -10,7 +11,7 @@ import (
 )
 
 // NewBucketClient creates a new GCS bucket client
-func NewBucketClient(ctx context.Context, cfg Config, name string, logger log.Logger) (objstore.Bucket, error) {
+func NewBucketClient(ctx context.Context, cfg Config, hedgedRoundTripper func(rt http.RoundTripper) http.RoundTripper, name string, logger log.Logger) (objstore.Bucket, error) {
 	bucketConfig := gcs.Config{
 		Bucket:         cfg.BucketName,
 		ServiceAccount: cfg.ServiceAccount.Value,
@@ -23,5 +24,5 @@ func NewBucketClient(ctx context.Context, cfg Config, name string, logger log.Lo
 		return nil, err
 	}
 
-	return gcs.NewBucket(ctx, logger, serialized, name, nil)
+	return gcs.NewBucket(ctx, logger, serialized, name, hedgedRoundTripper)
 }

pkg/storage/bucket/hedged_request.go

@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
+package bucket
+
+import (
+	"errors"
+	"flag"
+	"net/http"
+
+	"github.com/thanos-io/thanos/pkg/exthttp"
+)
+
+var (
+	errInvalidQuantile = errors.New("invalid hedged request quantile, it must be between 0 and 1")
+)
+
+type HedgedRequestConfig struct {
+	Enabled     bool    `yaml:"enabled"`
+	MaxRequests uint    `yaml:"max_requests"`
+	Quantile    float64 `yaml:"quantile"`
+}
+
+func (cfg *HedgedRequestConfig) RegisterFlagsWithPrefix(f *flag.FlagSet, prefix string) {
+	f.BoolVar(&cfg.Enabled, prefix+"hedged-request.enabled", false, "If true, hedged requests are applied to object store calls. It can help with reducing tail latency.")
+	f.UintVar(&cfg.MaxRequests, prefix+"hedged-request.max-requests", 3, "Maximum number of hedged requests allowed for each initial request. A high number can reduce latency but increase internal calls.")
+	f.Float64Var(&cfg.Quantile, prefix+"hedged-request.quantile", 0.9, "It is used to calculate a latency threshold to trigger hedged requests. For example, additional requests are triggered when the initial request response time exceeds the 90th percentile.")
+}
+
+func (cfg *HedgedRequestConfig) GetHedgedRoundTripper() func(rt http.RoundTripper) http.RoundTripper {
+	return exthttp.CreateHedgedTransportWithConfig(exthttp.CustomBucketConfig{
+		HedgingConfig: exthttp.HedgingConfig{
+			Enabled:  cfg.Enabled,
+			UpTo:     cfg.MaxRequests,
+			Quantile: cfg.Quantile,
+		},
+	})
+}
+
+func (cfg *HedgedRequestConfig) Validate() error {
+	if cfg.Quantile > 1 || cfg.Quantile < 0 {
+		return errInvalidQuantile
+	}
+
+	return nil
+}

pkg/storage/bucket/hedged_request_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+package bucket
+
+import (
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
+)
+
+func TestHedgedRequest_Validate(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+	tests := map[string]struct {
+		cfg      *HedgedRequestConfig
+		expected error
+	}{
+		"should fail if hedged request quantile is less than 0": {
+			cfg: &HedgedRequestConfig{
+				Quantile: -0.1,
+			},
+			expected: errInvalidQuantile,
+		},
+		"should fail if hedged request quantile is more than 1": {
+			cfg: &HedgedRequestConfig{
+				Quantile: 1.1,
+			},
+			expected: errInvalidQuantile,
+		},
+	}
+
+	for testName, testData := range tests {
+		t.Run(testName, func(t *testing.T) {
+			err := testData.cfg.Validate()
+			require.Equal(t, testData.expected, err)
+		})
+	}
+
+}

pkg/storage/bucket/s3/bucket_client.go

@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@ import (
 	"context"
 	"fmt"
 	"io"
+	"net/http"
 	"time"
 
 	"github.com/go-kit/log"
@@ -21,13 +22,13 @@ var defaultRetryMinBackoff = 5 * time.Second
 var defaultRetryMaxBackoff = 1 * time.Minute
 
 // NewBucketClient creates a new S3 bucket client
-func NewBucketClient(cfg Config, name string, logger log.Logger) (objstore.Bucket, error) {
+func NewBucketClient(cfg Config, hedgedRoundTripper func(rt http.RoundTripper) http.RoundTripper, name string, logger log.Logger) (objstore.Bucket, error) {
 	s3Cfg, err := newS3Config(cfg)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
 
-	bucket, err := s3.NewBucketWithConfig(logger, s3Cfg, name, nil)
+	bucket, err := s3.NewBucketWithConfig(logger, s3Cfg, name, hedgedRoundTripper)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}

pkg/storage/bucket/sse_bucket_client_test.go

@@ -57,7 +57,7 @@ func TestSSEBucketClient_Upload_ShouldInjectCustomSSEConfig(t *testing.T) {
 				BucketLookupType: s3.BucketPathLookup,
 			}
 
-			s3Client, err := s3.NewBucketClient(s3Cfg, "test", log.NewNopLogger())
+			s3Client, err := s3.NewBucketClient(s3Cfg, nil, "test", log.NewNopLogger())
 			require.NoError(t, err)
 
 			// Configure the config provider with NO KMS key ID.