41171: storage: don't crash when applying side-effects of old ChangeReplicas trigger r=nvanbenschoten a=nvanbenschoten

Fixes #41155.
Fixes #41147.

The fix in #41148 avoided a crash when staging a ChangeReplicas trigger with
a DeprecatedNextReplicaID in an application batch, but there was another bug
where applying the side-effects of such a command still caused a crash. This
commit fixes the crash and extends the test added in #41148 to go through the
whole process of applying the command (which would have caught the second
crash as well).

Release justification: fixes a crash in mixed version clusters.

Release note: None

Co-authored-by: Nathan VanBenschoten <[email protected]>