34548: storage: apply lease change side-effects on snapshot recipients r=nvanbenschoten a=nvanbenschoten

Fixes #34025.
Fixes #33624.
Fixes #33335.
Fixes #33151.
Fixes #33149.
Fixes #34159.
Fixes #34293.
Fixes #32813.
Fixes #30886.
Fixes #34228.
Fixes #34321.

It is rare but possible for a replica to become a leaseholder but not learn about this until it applies a snapshot. Immediately upon the snapshot application's `ReplicaState` update, the replica will begin operating as a standard leaseholder.

Before this change, leases acquired in this way would not trigger in-memory side-effects to be performed. This could result in a regression in the new leaseholder's timestamp cache compared to the previous leaseholder's cache, allowing write-skew like we saw in #34025. This could presumably result in other anomalies as well, because all of the steps in `leasePostApply` were skipped (as theorized by https://github.com/cockroachdb/cockroach/issues/34025#issuecomment-460393818).

This PR fixes this bug by detecting lease updates when applying snapshots and making sure to react correctly to them. It also likely fixes the referenced issue. The new test demonstrates that without this fix, the serializable violation speculated about in the issue was possible.

Co-authored-by: Nathan VanBenschoten <[email protected]>