updates

_posts/2023-09-09-cost-effectiveness-of-treatments-for-alzheimers-disease/cost-effectiveness-of-treatments-for-alzheimers-disease.Rmd

@@ -131,7 +131,7 @@ d-article p, d-article ul, d-article ol, d-article blockquote {
 - Microsimulation: need to define the population and rules
   * Disease stage and stage-specific health care cost, additional societal cost, utility (quality of life associated with different health states or interventions), mortality
   * Time scale and unit
-  * Transition probability of outcoems and adverse event, their hazard ratios
+  * Transition probability of outcomes and adverse event, their hazard ratios
   * Effect-specific QALYs: e.g., 0.8 gains in QALYs per 20% treatment effects??
 
 - Output

_posts/2023-09-09-cost-effectiveness-of-treatments-for-alzheimers-disease/cost-effectiveness-of-treatments-for-alzheimers-disease.html

@@ -1653,7 +1653,7 @@ <h3 id="statistical-analyses-and-parameter-specifications"><strong>Statistical a
 <ul>
 <li>Disease stage and stage-specific health care cost, additional societal cost, utility (quality of life associated with different health states or interventions), mortality</li>
 <li>Time scale and unit</li>
-<li>Transition probability of outcoems and adverse event, their hazard ratios</li>
+<li>Transition probability of outcomes and adverse event, their hazard ratios</li>
 <li>Effect-specific QALYs: e.g., 0.8 gains in QALYs per 20% treatment effects??</li>
 </ul></li>
 <li>Output

docs/posts/2023-09-09-cost-effectiveness-of-treatments-for-alzheimers-disease/index.html

@@ -2633,7 +2633,7 @@ <h3 id="statistical-analyses-and-parameter-specifications"><strong>Statistical a
 <ul>
 <li>Disease stage and stage-specific health care cost, additional societal cost, utility (quality of life associated with different health states or interventions), mortality</li>
 <li>Time scale and unit</li>
-<li>Transition probability of outcoems and adverse event, their hazard ratios</li>
+<li>Transition probability of outcomes and adverse event, their hazard ratios</li>
 <li>Effect-specific QALYs: e.g., 0.8 gains in QALYs per 20% treatment effects??</li>
 </ul></li>
 <li>Output

docs/posts/posts.json

@@ -45,9 +45,9 @@
     ],
     "date": "2023-09-09",
     "categories": [],
-    "contents": "\r\n\r\n\r\nStakeholders\r\nPatients\r\nHealthcare providers: physicians, nurses, and other healthcare professionals\r\nPolicymakers and government agencies\r\nHealthcare payers: public and private payers\r\nHealth economists and researchers\r\nPharmaceutical and medical device manufacturers\r\nCost component\r\nDirect Medical Costs\r\nThe medicine itself, infusion supplies, services, etc\r\nGenotyping cost (e.g., APOE)??\r\nMonitoring: MRI scans to assess ARIA, PET scans to assess amyloid clearance\r\nAdverse event-associated costs (e.g., hospitalization), potential effects on cormorbidities?\r\n\r\nIndirect Medical Costs\r\nCosts in specialised patient care or nursing homes\r\nCosts of training\r\n\r\nNon-Medical Costs\r\nLost productivity and wages due to dementia-related absenteeism or early retirement.\r\nCosts of informal caregiving, including the time and effort spent by family members or friends providing care.\r\nTransportation costs\r\n\r\nCost reduction\r\nDirect Medical Costs\r\nPotential effects on cormorbidities?\r\n\r\nIndirect Medical Costs\r\nCosts in specialised patient care or nursing homes\r\n\r\nIndirect Non-Medical Costs\r\nLost productivity and wages due to dementia-related absenteeism or early retirement.\r\nCosts of informal caregiving, including the time and effort spent by family members or friends providing care.\r\n\r\nOutcomes of interst in cost-effectiveness analyses\r\nDisease stage changes and survival\r\nCognitive and functional abilities\r\nQuality of life\r\nCaregiver burden, stress and quality of life\r\nQALYs\r\nChanges in behavioral symptoms (e.g., agitation, aggression)\r\nHospitalization rates and lengths of stay\r\nUtilization of healthcare services\r\nChanges in patients’ ability to engage in daily activities\r\nPotential data sources for cost-effectiveness analyses\r\nPublished data from clinical trials\r\nPublished data on AD natural history, its associated costs\r\nObservational studies based on registers and cohorts, etc.\r\nStatistical analyses and parameter specifications\r\nMultistate modeling: need real data\r\nMicrosimulation: need to define the population and rules\r\nDisease stage and stage-specific health care cost, additional societal cost, utility (quality of life associated with different health states or interventions), mortality\r\nTime scale and unit\r\nTransition probability of outcoems and adverse event, their hazard ratios\r\nEffect-specific QALYs: e.g., 0.8 gains in QALYs per 20% treatment effects??\r\n\r\nOutput\r\nIncremental cost-effectiveness ratios (ICER): difference in cost between two possible interventions (e.g., new intervention vs. standard care), divided by the difference in their effect, usually costs/QALYs\r\nValue-based prices=(WTP Threshold) or cost-effectiveness threshold \\(\\times\\) (Incremental QALYs); willingess-to-pay (WTP),the maximum amount society is willing to pay for an additional QALY\r\nIncremental QALYs = QALYs with New Intervention - QALYs with Comparator or Standard Intervention\r\n\r\nChallenges to consider in cost-effectiveness analyses\r\nMethodological challenges\r\nExtrapolation from RCT results\r\nAssumptions of treatment in populations not represented in the clinical trials and treatment adherence\r\nLimited data on factors that may influence physician prescribing behavior\r\nAccount for benefits/harm in terms of comorbidities\r\nRely on published data which may be subject to biases\r\nQuantify non-medical costs, e.g., informal care costs\r\n\r\nOther considerations\r\nRapid changes in the field, biomarkers, treatments\r\nHow to determine willingness to pay and cost-effectiveness threshold?\r\n\r\nReference:\r\n1. Jönsson L, Wimo A. Viewpoint: Amyloid-targeting New Therapies for Alzheimer’s Disease: A Health Economics Perspective. J Prev Alzheimers Dis. 2023;10(2):349-352.\r\nTahami Monfared AA, Ye W, Sardesai A, Folse H, Chavan A, Kang K, Zhang Q. Estimated Societal Value of Lecanemab in Patients with Early Alzheimer’s Disease Using Simulation Modeling. Neurol Ther. 2023 Jun;12(3):795-814.\r\nTahami Monfared AA, Tafazzoli A, Ye W, Chavan A, Zhang Q. Long-Term Health Outcomes of Lecanemab in Patients with Early Alzheimer’s Disease Using Simulation Modeling. Neurol Ther. 2022 Jun;11(2):863-880.\r\nRosenthal MB. Novel Alzheimer Disease Treatments and Reconsideration of US Pharmaceutical Reimbursement Policy. JAMA. 2023 Aug 8;330(6):505-506.\r\nTahami Monfared AA, Tafazzoli A, Chavan A, Ye W, Zhang Q. The Potential Economic Value of Lecanemab in Patients with Early Alzheimer’s Disease Using Simulation Modeling. Neurol Ther. 2022 Sep;11(3):1285-1307.\r\nTahami Monfared AA, Ye W, Sardesai A, Folse H, Chavan A, Aruffo E, Zhang Q. A Path to Improved Alzheimer’s Care: Simulating Long-Term Health Outcomes of Lecanemab in Early Alzheimer’s Disease from the CLARITY AD Trial. Neurol Ther. 2023 Jun;12(3):863-881.\r\nIgarashi A, Azuma MK, Zhang Q, Ye W, Sardesai A, Folse H, Chavan A, Tomita K, Tahami Monfared AA. Predicting the Societal Value of Lecanemab in Early Alzheimer’s Disease in Japan: A Patient-Level Simulation. Neurol Ther. 2023 Aug;12(4):1133-1157.\r\nMattke S, Loh WK, Yuen KH, Yoong J. Preparedness of China’s health care system to provide access to a disease-modifying Alzheimer’s treatment. Alzheimers Dement. 2023 Jun 6.\r\nBelder CRS, Schott JM, Fox NC. Preparing for disease-modifying therapies in Alzheimer’s disease. Lancet Neurol. 2023 Sep;22(9):782-783.\r\nBauer K, Schwarzkopf L, Graessel E, Holle R. A claims data-based comparison of comorbidity in individuals with and without dementia. BMC Geriatr. 2014 Jan 28;14:10.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n",
+    "contents": "\r\n\r\n\r\nStakeholders\r\nPatients\r\nHealthcare providers: physicians, nurses, and other healthcare professionals\r\nPolicymakers and government agencies\r\nHealthcare payers: public and private payers\r\nHealth economists and researchers\r\nPharmaceutical and medical device manufacturers\r\nCost component\r\nDirect Medical Costs\r\nThe medicine itself, infusion supplies, services, etc\r\nGenotyping cost (e.g., APOE)??\r\nMonitoring: MRI scans to assess ARIA, PET scans to assess amyloid clearance\r\nAdverse event-associated costs (e.g., hospitalization), potential effects on cormorbidities?\r\n\r\nIndirect Medical Costs\r\nCosts in specialised patient care or nursing homes\r\nCosts of training\r\n\r\nNon-Medical Costs\r\nLost productivity and wages due to dementia-related absenteeism or early retirement.\r\nCosts of informal caregiving, including the time and effort spent by family members or friends providing care.\r\nTransportation costs\r\n\r\nCost reduction\r\nDirect Medical Costs\r\nPotential effects on cormorbidities?\r\n\r\nIndirect Medical Costs\r\nCosts in specialised patient care or nursing homes\r\n\r\nIndirect Non-Medical Costs\r\nLost productivity and wages due to dementia-related absenteeism or early retirement.\r\nCosts of informal caregiving, including the time and effort spent by family members or friends providing care.\r\n\r\nOutcomes of interst in cost-effectiveness analyses\r\nDisease stage changes and survival\r\nCognitive and functional abilities\r\nQuality of life\r\nCaregiver burden, stress and quality of life\r\nQALYs\r\nChanges in behavioral symptoms (e.g., agitation, aggression)\r\nHospitalization rates and lengths of stay\r\nUtilization of healthcare services\r\nChanges in patients’ ability to engage in daily activities\r\nPotential data sources for cost-effectiveness analyses\r\nPublished data from clinical trials\r\nPublished data on AD natural history, its associated costs\r\nObservational studies based on registers and cohorts, etc.\r\nStatistical analyses and parameter specifications\r\nMultistate modeling: need real data\r\nMicrosimulation: need to define the population and rules\r\nDisease stage and stage-specific health care cost, additional societal cost, utility (quality of life associated with different health states or interventions), mortality\r\nTime scale and unit\r\nTransition probability of outcomes and adverse event, their hazard ratios\r\nEffect-specific QALYs: e.g., 0.8 gains in QALYs per 20% treatment effects??\r\n\r\nOutput\r\nIncremental cost-effectiveness ratios (ICER): difference in cost between two possible interventions (e.g., new intervention vs. standard care), divided by the difference in their effect, usually costs/QALYs\r\nValue-based prices=(WTP Threshold) or cost-effectiveness threshold \\(\\times\\) (Incremental QALYs); willingess-to-pay (WTP),the maximum amount society is willing to pay for an additional QALY\r\nIncremental QALYs = QALYs with New Intervention - QALYs with Comparator or Standard Intervention\r\n\r\nChallenges to consider in cost-effectiveness analyses\r\nMethodological challenges\r\nExtrapolation from RCT results\r\nAssumptions of treatment in populations not represented in the clinical trials and treatment adherence\r\nLimited data on factors that may influence physician prescribing behavior\r\nAccount for benefits/harm in terms of comorbidities\r\nRely on published data which may be subject to biases\r\nQuantify non-medical costs, e.g., informal care costs\r\n\r\nOther considerations\r\nRapid changes in the field, biomarkers, treatments\r\nHow to determine willingness to pay and cost-effectiveness threshold?\r\n\r\nReference:\r\n1. Jönsson L, Wimo A. Viewpoint: Amyloid-targeting New Therapies for Alzheimer’s Disease: A Health Economics Perspective. J Prev Alzheimers Dis. 2023;10(2):349-352.\r\nTahami Monfared AA, Ye W, Sardesai A, Folse H, Chavan A, Kang K, Zhang Q. Estimated Societal Value of Lecanemab in Patients with Early Alzheimer’s Disease Using Simulation Modeling. Neurol Ther. 2023 Jun;12(3):795-814.\r\nTahami Monfared AA, Tafazzoli A, Ye W, Chavan A, Zhang Q. Long-Term Health Outcomes of Lecanemab in Patients with Early Alzheimer’s Disease Using Simulation Modeling. Neurol Ther. 2022 Jun;11(2):863-880.\r\nRosenthal MB. Novel Alzheimer Disease Treatments and Reconsideration of US Pharmaceutical Reimbursement Policy. JAMA. 2023 Aug 8;330(6):505-506.\r\nTahami Monfared AA, Tafazzoli A, Chavan A, Ye W, Zhang Q. The Potential Economic Value of Lecanemab in Patients with Early Alzheimer’s Disease Using Simulation Modeling. Neurol Ther. 2022 Sep;11(3):1285-1307.\r\nTahami Monfared AA, Ye W, Sardesai A, Folse H, Chavan A, Aruffo E, Zhang Q. A Path to Improved Alzheimer’s Care: Simulating Long-Term Health Outcomes of Lecanemab in Early Alzheimer’s Disease from the CLARITY AD Trial. Neurol Ther. 2023 Jun;12(3):863-881.\r\nIgarashi A, Azuma MK, Zhang Q, Ye W, Sardesai A, Folse H, Chavan A, Tomita K, Tahami Monfared AA. Predicting the Societal Value of Lecanemab in Early Alzheimer’s Disease in Japan: A Patient-Level Simulation. Neurol Ther. 2023 Aug;12(4):1133-1157.\r\nMattke S, Loh WK, Yuen KH, Yoong J. Preparedness of China’s health care system to provide access to a disease-modifying Alzheimer’s treatment. Alzheimers Dement. 2023 Jun 6.\r\nBelder CRS, Schott JM, Fox NC. Preparing for disease-modifying therapies in Alzheimer’s disease. Lancet Neurol. 2023 Sep;22(9):782-783.\r\nBauer K, Schwarzkopf L, Graessel E, Holle R. A claims data-based comparison of comorbidity in individuals with and without dementia. BMC Geriatr. 2014 Jan 28;14:10.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n",
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