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bump python version on github actions to 3.12 #2904

Job	Run time
build (asio-debugging=on picker-debugging=on)	8m 27s
check headers	3m 26s
build (extensions=off logging=off streaming=off super-seeding=off share-mode=off predictive-piece...	6m 26s
build (crypto=gcrypt)	8m 33s
pre-commit	54s
clang-tidy	9m 47s
build dist (ubuntu-20.04)	24m 28s
Fuzzers	7m 20s
build dist (ubuntu-22.04)	24m 56s
Simulations	9m 54s
Tests (crypto=openssl)	20m 16s
Tests (toolset=clang logging=off)	18m 34s
Tests (deprecated-functions=off)	14m 12s
	2h 37m 13s

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