GH-44927: [Java][Flight] Add middleware for auth2 bearer tokens #44928
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Rationale for this change
This makes it easier to work with auth2 from the Java client without needing to resort to ClientCookieMiddleware (ie, don't need to force the server to support a non-standard auth scheme). I think it could be highly beneficial for ease-of-use when directly creating a FlightClient, and I would expect that the various FlightSqlClient drivers (ADBC, JDBC) could benefit from supporting it as a configuration option.
What changes are included in this PR?
A new FlightClientMiddleware had been added.
Are these changes tested?
These changes have been manually tested; if more testing is necessary, I'm hoping another contributor can provide it or guide me through a test plan.