ARROW-17587: [Go] Cast From Extension Types

[zeroshade]

No description provided.

[github-actions]

https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/ARROW-17587

[cyb70289]

Does this PR depends on previous one?

[ursabot]

Benchmark runs are scheduled for baseline = c60fd42 and contender = c72ad16. c72ad16 is a master commit associated with this PR. Results will be available as each benchmark for each run completes.
Conbench compare runs links:
[Finished ⬇️0.0% ⬆️0.0%] ec2-t3-xlarge-us-east-2
[Failed] test-mac-arm
[Failed ⬇️0.27% ⬆️0.0%] ursa-i9-9960x
[Finished ⬇️0.46% ⬆️0.21%] ursa-thinkcentre-m75q
Buildkite builds:
[Finished] c72ad168 ec2-t3-xlarge-us-east-2
[Failed] c72ad168 test-mac-arm
[Failed] c72ad168 ursa-i9-9960x
[Finished] c72ad168 ursa-thinkcentre-m75q
[Finished] c60fd424 ec2-t3-xlarge-us-east-2
[Failed] c60fd424 test-mac-arm
[Failed] c60fd424 ursa-i9-9960x
[Finished] c60fd424 ursa-thinkcentre-m75q
Supported benchmarks:
ec2-t3-xlarge-us-east-2: Supported benchmark langs: Python, R. Runs only benchmarks with cloud = True
test-mac-arm: Supported benchmark langs: C++, Python, R
ursa-i9-9960x: Supported benchmark langs: Python, R, JavaScript
ursa-thinkcentre-m75q: Supported benchmark langs: C++, Java