refactor: Add wrappers around callbacks to improve syntax and debuggability

[paleolimbot]

This PR adds thin wrappers around C function pointers (like is done in Arrow C++) for Arrow C Data/Stream interface structures and uses them in all tests and internal code. The motivation for this was:

• Calling x.release(&x) is a tiny bit verbose and involves specifying x twice
• Wrappers make it easier to debug (by breakpoint or via debug checks)
• Iterating through streams is very verbose if you want to catch all the error messages (in some places of the code it looks like I didn't bother, and in other places it looks like I assumed that the result of get_last_error was non-NULL, which is not true). The wrappers let you do NANOARROW_RETURN_NOT_OK(ArrowArrayStreamGetNext(stream, out, error)) which better integrates into the nanoarrow error handling pattern.

The changes are:

• Release functions were added to nanoarrow_types.h
• A few error handling functions were moved to nanoarrow_types.h since they were used in the wrappers
• All function pointer calls I could find were updated to use the wrapper functions

[codecov-commenter]

Codecov Report

Attention: 24 lines in your changes are missing coverage. Please review.

Comparison is base (3e02822) 88.15% compared to head (abec234) 88.12%.

Files	Patch %	Lines
src/nanoarrow/schema.c	41.66%	7 Missing ⚠️
.../nanoarrow_device/src/nanoarrow/nanoarrow_device.c	20.00%	4 Missing ⚠️
...anoarrow_ipc/src/nanoarrow/nanoarrow_ipc_decoder.c	42.85%	4 Missing ⚠️
src/nanoarrow/array.c	55.55%	4 Missing ⚠️
r/src/array_stream.c	60.00%	2 Missing ⚠️
src/nanoarrow/nanoarrow_types.h	96.22%	2 Missing ⚠️
...nanoarrow_ipc/src/nanoarrow/nanoarrow_ipc_reader.c	66.66%	1 Missing ⚠️

Additional details and impacted files

@@            Coverage Diff             @@
##             main     #338      +/-   ##
==========================================
- Coverage   88.15%   88.12%   -0.03%     
==========================================
  Files          73       72       -1     
  Lines       11529    11579      +50     
==========================================
+ Hits        10163    10204      +41     
- Misses       1366     1375       +9     

☔ View full report in Codecov by Sentry.
📢 Have feedback on the report? Share it here.