Refactor `programs/sbf` CI tests #18850

Job	Run time
cargo-test-sbf (associated-token-account)	6m 50s
check (associated-token-account)	1m 9s
cargo-test-sbf (feature-proposal)	7m 21s
test_cli (single-pool)	17m 42s
check (feature-proposal)	1m 46s
cargo-test-sbf (instruction-padding)	5m 17s
test_cli (token-2022)	16m 11s
check (instruction-padding)	1m 14s
cargo-test-sbf (memo)	8m 56s
check (memo)	1m 16s
cargo-test-sbf (record)	8m 56s
check (record)	1m 43s
cargo-test-sbf (single-pool)	9m 19s
check (single-pool)	2m 56s
cargo-test-sbf (slashing)	14m 22s
check (slashing)	1m 6s
cargo-test-sbf (stake-pool)	9m 39s
check (stake-pool)	1m 32s
cargo-test-sbf (token-2022)	6m 39s
check (token-2022)	1m 54s
	2h 5m 48s

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