OpenAI Gym is a toolkit for reinforcement learning (RL) widely used in research. The network simulator ns–3 is the de-facto standard for academic and industry studies in the areas of networking protocols and communication technologies. ns3-gym is a framework that integrates both OpenAI Gym and ns-3 in order to encourage usage of RL in networking research.
The original installation (introduced later) works only on Ubuntu system. Here, I list the key steps for installing gym-ns3 on MAC os.
- Install all required dependencies by ns-3: gcc g++ python3.
- Install Protocol Buffers libs. Follow this link on Medium and install ZMQ.
brew install zmq
Copy the required file "zmq.hpp" to /usr/local/include/. (Errors happen without this step. The "zmq.hpp" file is added in the main folder.) 4.5.6 are the same as the original installation. Have a good luck with your installation!
- Install all required dependencies required by ns-3.
# minimal requirements for C++:
apt-get install gcc g++ python
see https://www.nsnam.org/wiki/Installation
- Install ZMQ and Protocol Buffers libs:
# to install protobuf-3.6 on ubuntu 16.04:
sudo add-apt-repository ppa:maarten-fonville/protobuf
sudo apt-get update
apt-get install libzmq5 libzmq5-dev
apt-get install libprotobuf-dev
apt-get install protobuf-compiler
- Configure and build ns-3 project (if you are going to use Python virtual environment, please execute these commands inside it):
# Opengym Protocol Buffer messages (C++ and Python) are build during configure
./waf configure
./waf build
- Install ns3gym located in src/opengym/model/ns3gym (Python3 required)
pip3 install ./src/opengym/model/ns3gym
The following method cannot import ns3gym in other location except the ./src/opengym/model/ns3gym. Use the following command instead (suppose now you are in the ns3-gym folder).
cd /src/opengym/model/ns3gym
python3 setup.py install
-
(Optional) Install all libraries required by your agent (like tensorflow, keras, etc.).
-
Run example:
cd ./scratch/opengym
./simple_test.py
- (Optional) Start ns-3 simulation script and Gym agent separately in two terminals (useful for debugging):
# Terminal 1
./waf --run "opengym"
# Terminal 2
cd ./scratch/opengym
./test.py --start=0
All examples can be found here.
- Example Python script. Note, that
gym.make('ns3-v0')starts ns-3 simulation script located in current working directory.
import gym
import ns3gym
import MyAgent
env = gym.make('ns3-v0')
obs = env.reset()
agent = MyAgent.Agent()
while True:
action = agent.get_action(obs)
obs, reward, done, info = env.step(action)
if done:
break
env.close()
- Any ns-3 simulation script can be used as a Gym environment. This requires only to instantiate OpenGymInterface and implement the ns3-gym C++ interface consisting of the following functions:
Ptr<OpenGymSpace> GetObservationSpace();
Ptr<OpenGymSpace> GetActionSpace();
Ptr<OpenGymDataContainer> GetObservation();
float GetReward();
bool GetGameOver();
std::string GetExtraInfo();
bool ExecuteActions(Ptr<OpenGymDataContainer> action);
Note, that the generic ns3-gym interface allows to observe any variable or parameter in a simulation.
A more detailed description can be found in our Paper.
We consider the problem of radio channel selection in a wireless multi-channel environment, e.g. 802.11 networks with external interference. The objective of the agent is to select for the next time slot a channel free of interference. We consider a simple illustrative example where the external interference follows a periodic pattern, i.e. sweeping over all channels one to four in the same order as shown in the table.
We created such a scenario in ns-3 using existing functionality from ns-3, i.e. interference created using WaveformGenerator class and sensing performed using SpectrumAnalyzer class.
Such a periodic interferer can be easily learned by an RL-agent so that based on the current observation of the occupation on each channel in a given time slot the correct channel can be determined for the next time slot avoiding any collision with the interferer.
Our proposed RL mapping is:
- observation - occupation on each channel in the current time slot, i.e. wideband-sensing,
- actions - set the channel to be used for the next time slot,
- reward - +1 in case of no collision with interferer; otherwise -1,
- gameover - if more than three collisions happened during the last ten time-slots
The figure below shows the learning performance when using a simple neural network with fully connected input and an output layer. We see that after around 80 episodes the agent is able to perfectly predict the next channel state from the current observation hence avoiding any collision with the interference.
The full source code of the example can be found here.
Note, that in a more realistic scenario the simple waveform generator in this example can be replaced by a real wireless technology like LTE unlicensed (LTE-U).
The proper RL-TCP agent example is still under development. However, we have already implemented and released two versions (i.e. time and event-based) of an interface allowing to monitor parameters of a TCP instance and control its Congestion Window and Slow Start Threshold -- see details here. Note, that both versions inherits from TcpCongestionOps and hence can be used as an argument for ns3::TcpL4Protocol::SocketType.
Moreover, using the event-based interface, we already have an example Python Gym agent that implements TCP NewReno and communicates with the ns-3 simulation process using ns3gym -- see here. The example can be used as a starting point to implement an RL-based TCP congestion control algorithms.
In order to run it, please execute:
cd ./scratch/rl-tcp
./test_tcp.py
Or in two terminals:
# Terminal 1:
./waf --run "rl-tcp --transport_prot=TcpRl"
# Terminal 2:
cd ./scratch/rl-tcp/
./test_tcp.py --start=0
Note, that our Python TCP NewReno implementation achieves the same number of transmitted packets like the one implemented in ns3 (see the output of ns-3 simulation, i.e. RxPkts: 5367 in both cases). Please execute the following command to cross-check:
./waf --run "rl-tcp --transport_prot=TcpNewReno"
- Piotr Gawlowicz, TU-Berlin, gawlowicz@tkn
- Anatolij Zubow, TU-Berlin, zubow@tkn
- tkn = tkn.tu-berlin.de
Please use the following bibtex :
@inproceedings{ns3gym,
Title = {{ns-3 meets OpenAI Gym: The Playground for Machine Learning in Networking Research}},
Author = {Gaw{\l}owicz, Piotr and Zubow, Anatolij},
Booktitle = {{ACM International Conference on Modeling, Analysis and Simulation of Wireless and Mobile Systems (MSWiM)}},
Year = {2019},
Location = {Miami Beach, USA},
Month = {November},
Url = {http://www.tkn.tu-berlin.de/fileadmin/fg112/Papers/2019/gawlowicz19_mswim.pdf}
}